Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya Banyere Aha nke Ihe Ndị Dị N'ime Organic
Kemistri Organic bụ ngalaba kemistri nke na-amụ nhazi, ihe ndị dị ndụ, ihe mejupụtara ya, mmeghachi omume ya, na njikọta nke ihe ndị mejupụtara carbon, bụ́ molekul ndị bụ isi nke ndụ. Na kemistri organic, ịkpọ aha ihe mejupụtara abụghị ihe a na-eme n'enweghị usoro. E nwere iwu ọkọlọtọ a maara dị ka IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) Nomenclature nke e ji akpọ aha ihe ndị mejupụtara organic ndị a. Isiokwu a ga-atụle ọtụtụ nsogbu atụ na mkparịta ụka ha gbasara aha ihe ndị mejupụtara organic dabere na iwu IUPAC.
Okwu Mmalite nke Nomenclature nke Organic Compound
Tupu anyị abanye n'okwu gbasara ajụjụ ndị a, ọ ga-adị mma ịtụleghachi obere iwu ndị bụ isi maka aha nke ihe ndị sitere n'okike:
1. Nchọpụta nke isi agbụ: Agbụ carbon kachasị ogologo nke nwere otu ọrụ bụ isi.
2. Ịgụ ọnụọgụgụ atọm carbon n'ime agbụ isi: A na-eme ọnụọgụgụ ka otu ọrụ bụ isi nweta ọnụọgụ kacha ala.
3. Ịkpọ aha ndị nnọchi anya: A na-akpọ aha ma tinye otu ndị nnọchi anya jikọtara na agbụ isi aha dabere na ọnụọgụgụ atọm carbon nke ejikọtara ha na ya.
4. Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ihe karịrị otu ihe nnọchite anya, a na-ahazi ha n'usoro mkpụrụedemede, ọ bụrụkwa na e nwere ihe karịrị otu ihe nnọchite anya nke otu ụdị ahụ, jiri prefix di-, tri-, tetra-, wdg.
Ajụjụ na Mkparịta ụka Ihe Nlereanya
Ajụjụ nke Atọ
Nye aha IUPAC nke ihe mejupụtara a:
Azịza:
1. Chọpụta agbụ ígwè carbon kachasị ogologo: Anyị nwere agbụ ígwè carbon kachasị ogologo nwere atọm carbon isii, yabụ ọ bụ agbụ ígwè bụ isi.
2. Otu ọrụ bụ isi: N'ebe a, anyị na-ahụ otu mmanya (-OH) na nọmba carbon 2.
3. Ngụkọta isi nke usoro: Ngụkọta na-amalite site na njedebe kacha nso na otu -OH ka -OH wee dị na nọmba carbon 2.
4. Ihe ndị ọzọ e ji dochie anya ya: E nwere otu methyl (-CH₃) na nọmba carbon 4.
Aha IUPAC: 4-methylhexane-2-ol
Ajụjụ nke Atọ
Nye aha IUPAC nke ihe mejupụtara a:
Azịza:
1. Chọpụta agbụ carbon kachasị ogologo nke gụnyere otu ọrụ bụ isi: agbụ carbon kachasị ogologo nwere atọm asaa.
2. Otu ọrụ bụ isi: Anyị na-ahụ otu carboxylic (carboxylic acid) na njedebe nke agbụ ígwè ahụ.
3. Nọmba Agbụ: Nọmba na-amalite site na njedebe nke nwere otu carboxylate.
4. Ihe ndị ọzọ e ji dochie anya ya: E nwere otu ethyl (-C₂H₅) na nọmba carbon nke 3.
Aha IUPAC: 3-ethylheptanoate
Ajụjụ nke Atọ
Chọpụta aha IUPAC nke ihe mejupụtara a:
Azịza:
1. Chọpụta agbụ carbon kachasị ogologo na nnọchi kachasị mma (agbụ ntọala: atọm carbon ise).
2. Otu ọrụ bụ isi: Ọ dịghị nke dabere na ihe a na-ahụ anya, lekwasị anya na ihe ndị na-anọchi anya ya.
3. Nọmba agbụ site na njedebe nke kacha nso na ihe nnọchite anya bụ isi.
4. Ihe ndị ọzọ e ji dochie anya ya: e nwere otu chloro (-Cl) na nọmba carbon 2 na 4.
Aha IUPAC: 2,4-dichloro-pentane
Ajụjụ nke Atọ
Aha IUPAC nke ihe mejupụtara a:
Azịza:
1. Agbụ ígwè carbon kachasị ogologo (nwere atọm carbon).
2. Otu ọrụ bụ isi: Otu mmanya na-aba n'anya (-OH) na nọmba carbon 1.
3. Enweghị ihe nnọchi anya ndị ọzọ.
Aha IUPAC: propan-1-ol
Ajụjụ nke Atọ
Nye aha IUPAC nke ihe mejupụtara cyclic a:
Azịza:
1. Nhazi okirikiri bụ isi: Cyclohexane (atọm carbon isii).
2. Ndị otu ọrụ bụ isi: Otu mmanya (-OH) na nọmba carbon 1 na ethyl na nọmba carbon 4.
3. Kpọọ aha ihe ndị ọzọ dị na usoro okirikiri.
Aha IUPAC: 4-ethyl-cyclohexanol
Ajụjụ Ndị Ọzọ gbasara Omume
Iji mee ka nghọta gị sikwuo ike, lee ajụjụ ndị ọzọ ị nwere ike ịnwale:
1. Gịnị bụ aha IUPAC nke ihe mejupụtara a? CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-OH
2. Nye aha IUPAC nke: CH₃-CH₂-CHO
3. Chọpụta aha IUPAC nke ihe mejupụtara a: CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-COOH
4. Gịnị bụ aha IUPAC nke ihe mejupụtara a? CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-COCl
5. Nye aha IUPAC nke ihe mejupụtara cyclic: C₆H₆ na otu ihe nnọchi methyl (-CH₃).
Isi ihe dị mkpa n'ịkpọ aha otu ọrụ izugbe
1. Alkanes: Nwere naanị njikọ carbon-carbon (CC) σ.
2. Alkenes: Nwere opekata mpe otu njikọ abụọ (C=C).
3. Alkynes: Nwere opekata mpe otu njikọ atọ (C≡C).
4. Mmanya: Nwere otu ọrụ hydroxyl (-OH).
5. Aldehydes: Nwere otu formyl (-CHO).
6. Ketone: Nwere otu carbonyl (C=O) nke otu alkyl abụọ gbara gburugburu.
7. Asịd Carboxylic: Nwere otu carboxyl (–COOH).
8. Ester: Nwere otu carbonyl (C=O) ejikọtara na -OR.
Mmechi
Ịghọta nhọpụta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ dị mkpa maka nkwurịta okwu doro anya na izere mgbagwoju anya n'ọmụmụ ihe gbasara kemistri. Site n'ịmụ aha ihe ndị a dịka iwu IUPAC si dị, anyị nwere ike ịghọta ma kewaa ụdị ihe ndị dị ndụ dị iche iche anyị na-ezute ngwa ngwa. Isiokwu a bụ ezigbo ebe mmalite maka inyocha ụwa nke kemistri organic na aha ya. Gaa n'ihu na-eme ihe na nsogbu na nchọpụta dị iche iche iji mee ka nghọta gị dịkwuo omimi.
