Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya Na-atụle Stoichiometry: Ịghọta Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa na Ojiji Ya
Stoichiometry bụ ngalaba kemistri nke na-amụ oke ọnụọgụ dị n'etiti ihe ndị na-emeghachi omume na ngwaahịa na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị mfe, stoichiometry nwere njikọ chiri anya na iwu nchekwa oke, nke Antoine Lavoisier buru ụzọ tụpụta. Sayensị a bụ ntọala maka ọtụtụ echiche na kemistri, site na mmeghachi omume dị mfe ruo na usoro ụlọ ọrụ dị mgbagwoju anya. Isiokwu a ga-atụle ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke nsogbu stoichiometry, yana nkọwa na ngwọta ha.
Ihe atụ nke 1: Mmeghachi omume nke Hydrogen na Oxygen
Ajụjụ: Gbakọọ ọnụọgụgụ molekul mmiri e mepụtara site na mmeghachi omume dị n'etiti gram 4 nke hydrogen (H₂) na gram 32 nke oxygen (O₂).
Azịza:
1. Ide Nha Mmeghachi Omume:
Enwere ike dee mmeghachi omume dị n'etiti hydrogen na oxygen iji mepụta mmiri dị ka ndị a:
\[ 2H₂ + O₂ \ ụta aka nri 2H₂O \]
2. Ịgbakọ Oke Molar:
Oke molar nke hydrogen (H₂) bụ 2 g/mol ebe oke molar nke oxygen (O₂) bụ 32 g/mol. Mmiri (H₂O) nwere oke molar nke 18 g/mol.
3. Ịgbakọ ọnụọgụ nke moles nke reactants:
Ọnụọgụ nke mole nke hydrogen:
\[ \text{mol H₂} = \frac{\text{mass}}{\text{molar mass}} = \frac{4}{2} = 2 \text{mol} \]
Ọnụọgụ nke mole nke oxygen:
\[ \text{mol O₂} = \frac{\text{mass}}{\text{molar mass}} = \frac{32}{32} = 1 \text{mol} \]
4. Chọpụta ihe na-egbochi ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe ghara ịdị mma:
Dịka usoro mmeghachi omume si dị, moles abụọ nke H₂ na-emeghachi omume na mole 1 nke O₂. N'ebe a, hydrogen (moles abụọ) na-adaba na mole 1 nke oxygen, dịka usoro nhazi nke usoro nhazi si dị.
5. Ịgbakọ Ọnụọgụ Ngwaahịa:
Site na nhazi mmeghachi omume, moles abụọ nke H₂ na-emepụta moles abụọ nke H₂O. Ebe ọ bụ na anyị nwere moles abụọ nke H₂, ọ ga-etolite:
\[ 2 \text{ moles H₂O} = 2 \ugboro 6,022 \ugboro 10^{23} \text{ moles} = 1,2044 \ugboro 10^{24} \text{ moles} \]
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke Abụọ: Ọkụ Propane
Ajụjụ: Kedu oke gas carbon dioxide (CO₂) ka a na-emepụta n'ọnọdụ STP ma ọ bụrụ na gram 44 nke propane (C₃H₈) agba ọkụ kpamkpam?
Azịza:
1. Ide Nha Mmeghachi Omume:
Ngwunye zuru oke nke propane bụ:
\[ C₃H₈ + 5O₂ \nriaka 3CO₂ + 4H₂O \]
2. Ịgbakọ Oke Molar:
Oke molar nke propane (C₃H₈) bụ 44 g/mol. Ya mere, ọnụọgụ moles nke propane bụ:
\[ \text{mol C₃H₈} = \frac{44}{44} = 1 \text{mol} \]
3. Ịlele ntụnyere Stoichiometric:
Site na nhazi kemịkalụ, 1 mol nke C₃H₈ na-emepụta 3 mol nke CO₂.
4. Ịgbakọ olu CO₂:
Na ọnọdụ STP (okpomọkụ na nrụgide ọkọlọtọ), otu mole nke gas nwere olu nke 22,4 L. Ya mere olu nke CO₂ emepụtara bụ:
\[ \text{Mpịakọta CO₂} = 3 \text{ mol} \times 22,4 \text{ L/mol} = 67,2 \text{ L} \]
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 3: Mmeghachi omume nke Acid-Base Titration
Ajụjụ: Kedu olu nke 0,1 M NaOH dị mkpa iji mee ka 50 mL nke 0,1 M HCl dị na ya ghara ịdị irè?
Azịza:
1. Ide Nha Mmeghachi Omume:
Mmeghachi omume dị n'etiti NaOH na HCl bụ:
\[ NaOH + HCl \ aka nri NaCl + H₂O \]
2. Ịgbakọ ọnụọgụ nke HCl:
\[ \text{mol HCl} = M \times V = 0,1 \text{ M} \times 0,050 \text{ L} = 0,005 \text{ mol} \]
3. Ịgbakọ ọnụọgụgụ nke NaOH:
Site na nhazi mmeghachi omume, 1 mole nke NaOH na-emeghachi omume na 1 mole nke HCl. Ya mere, mole nke NaOH achọrọ bụkwa 0,005 mole.
4. Ịgbakọ olu nke NaOH:
\[ \text{Olu nke NaOH} = \frac{\text{mol}}{M} = \frac{0,005 \text{mol}}{0,1 \text{M}} = 0,050 \text{ L} = 50 \text{ mL} \]
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 4: Mmeghachi omume na ihe nnọchite anya mwepụta
Ajụjụ: Ọ bụrụ na 100 mL nke 1 M HCl solution emeghachi omume na gram 10 nke calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), ole gram carbon dioxide (CO₂) ka a na-emepụta?
Azịza:
1. Ide Nha Mmeghachi Omume:
Mmeghachi omume dị n'etiti CaCO₃ na HCl bụ:
\[ CaCO₃ + 2HCl \rightarrow CaCl₂ + H₂O + CO₂ \]
2. Ịgbakọ Oke Molar:
Oke ibu nke CaCO₃ bụ 100 g/mol, HCl bụkwa 36,5 g/mol.
3. Ịgbakọ ọnụọgụ nke moles nke reactants:
\[ \text{mol CaCO₃} = \frac{10 \text{ g}}{100 \text{ g/mol}} = 0,1 \text{mol} \]
\[ \text{mol HCl} = 1 \text{ M} \times 0,1 \text{ L} = 0,1 \text{ mol} \]
4. Chọpụta ihe na-egbochi ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe ghara ịdị mma:
Dabere na nhazi mmeghachi omume, 1 mol nke CaCO₃ na-emeghachi omume na mol HCl 2. N'ebe a, CaCO₃ bụ ihe na-egbochi ihe n'ihi na 0,1 mol nke CaCO₃ ga-achọ 0,2 mol nke HCl, ebe anyị nwere naanị 0,1 mol nke HCl.
5. Ịgbakọ Ọnụọgụ Ngwaahịa:
Site na 0,1 mol nke HCl, naanị 0,05 mol nke CaCO₃ ga-emeghachi omume, na-emepụta 0,05 mol nke CO₂.
6. Ịgbakọ oke CO₂:
Oke molar nke CO₂ bụ 44 g/mol. Ya mere, oke CO₂ e mepụtara bụ:
\[ \text{oke nke CO₂} = 0,05 \text{mol} \times 44 \text{ g/mol} = 2,2 \text{ g} \]
Mmechi
Ịghọta stoichiometry chọrọ ihe ọmụma bụ isi gbasara oke molar, nha nha mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ, na echiche nke moles. Ịmụ ihe na nsogbu ihe atụ dị iche iche nwere ike inyere aka mee ka nghọta nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti reactants na ngwaahịa dị na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ sikwuo ike. Isiokwu a na-egosi ọtụtụ nsogbu ihe atụ nke na-ekpuchi ụdị mmeghachi omume dị iche iche, site na mfe ruo na ndị metụtara ịmachi reactants, iji nyere aka mee ka echiche nke stoichiometry doo anya.
