Ihe atụ nke Ajụjụ Mkparịta ụka gbasara Ngwọta Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry bụ ngalaba kemistri nke na-amụ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe ndị na-emeghachi omume na ngwaahịa na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ. Solution stoichiometry bụ nke a kapịrị ọnụ karị, ebe ọ na-elekwasị anya na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ nke na-eme na ihe mgbaze, nke na-abụkarị mmiri. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-atụle nsogbu ihe atụ metụtara stoichiometry ngwọta iji ghọta nke ọma echiche a.
Echiche Ndị Dị Mkpa nke Ngwọta Stoichiometry
Tupu anyị abanye n'ajụjụ ndị a, e nwere ụfọdụ echiche ndị bụ isi anyị kwesịrị ịghọta:
1. Molarity (M): A na-egosipụta njupụta nke ihe ngwọta na molarity. Molarity bụ ọnụọgụ moles nke solute kwa lita nke ihe ngwọta (mol/L).
2. Mol: Nkeji nke ọnụọgụ ihe dị na ya nke ọnụọgụ Avogadro (6.022 x 10²³) dị na ya.
3. Olu nke ngwọta: A na-atụkarị ya na lita (L).
Site na nghọta dị mkpa a, anyị dị njikere ịga n'ihu na ihe atụ nke nsogbu na ngwọta.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 1: Ịgbakọ Oke nke Ngwọta
Ajụjụ:
Ebe ọ bụ na a na-agbaze gram 5 nke NaCl (Sodium Chloride) na 250 mL nke mmiri, kedu ka molarity nke mmiri NaCl si dị?
Ngwọta:
1. Gbakọọ ọnụọgụgụ nke mole nke NaCl:
– Ibu molekul (BM) nke NaCl: Na (23) + Cl (35.5) = 58.5 g/mol
– Ọnụọgụ nke ntụpọ = Mass / BM
““
Ọnụọgụ nke molekul nke NaCl = 5 g / 58.5 g/mol ≈ 0.0855 mol
““
2. Gbanwee olu mmiri ọgwụ site na mL gaa na L:
““
Olu mmiri = 250 mL = 0.250 L
““
3. Gbakọọ molarity (M):
““
Molarity (M) = Ọnụọgụ nke moles / Olu nke ngwọta
= 0.0855 mol / 0.250 L
≈ 0.342 M
““
Ya mere, molarity nke ngwọta NaCl bụ 0.342 M.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 2: Mmeghachi Omume Nkwụsị
Ajụjụ:
Kedu olu nke 0.5 M HCl dị mkpa iji mee ka 50 mL nke 0.1 M NaOH dị na mmiri ọgwụ kwụsị?
Ngwọta:
Mmeghachi omume ndị na-eme:
““
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
““
Mmeghachi omume a na-eme na nha 1: 1.
1. Gbakọọ ọnụọgụgụ nke moles nke NaOH:
““
Ọnụọgụ nke mole nke NaOH = Molarity x Olu
= 0.1 M x 0.050 L
= 0.005 mol
““
2. Ebe ọ bụ na oke mmeghachi omume bụ 1:1, ọnụọgụgụ moles nke HCl = ọnụọgụ moles nke NaOH = 0.005 mol.
3. Gbakọọ olu nke ihe ngwọta HCl achọrọ:
““
Olu nke HCl = Ọnụọgụ nke moles / Molarity
= 0.005 mol / 0.5 M
= 0.01 L (ma ọ bụ 10 mL)
““
Ya mere, olu nke 0.5 M HCl ngwọta bụ 10 mL.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 3: Ntinye Acid-Base
Ajụjụ:
A na-etinye mmiri CH₃COOH (acetic acid) nke 25 mL na mmiri NaOH nke 0.1 M na isi ihe nhata. A chọrọ 30 mL nke mmiri NaOH iji ruo ebe nhata. Gbakọọ molarity nke mmiri CH₃COOH.
Ngwọta:
Mmeghachi omume ndị na-eme:
““
CH₃COOH + NaOH → CH₃COONa + H₂O
““
Mmeghachi omume a na-emekwa na nha 1: 1.
1. Gbakọọ ọnụọgụgụ moles nke NaOH ejiri:
““
Ọnụọgụ nke mole nke NaOH = Molarity x Olu
= 0.1 M x 0.030 L
= 0.003 mol
““
2. Ọnụọgụ nke moles nke CH₃COOH bụ otu ihe ahụ na ọnụọgụ moles nke NaOH mere (nhazi 1:1):
““
Ọnụọgụ nke CH₃COOH = 0.003 mol
““
3. Gbakọọ molarity nke CH₃COOH:
““
Molarity (M) = Ọnụọgụ nke moles / Olu
= 0.003 mol / 0.025 L
= 0.12 M
““
Ya mere, molarity nke ngwọta CH₃COOH bụ 0.12 M.
Ihe atụ Ajụjụ nke 4: Mbelata nke Ngwọta
Ajụjụ:
Kedu olu mmiri a ga-etinye iji gwakọta 100 mL nke 1 M H₂SO₄ mmiri ka njupụta ya wee bụrụ 0.25 M?
Ngwọta:
1. Jiri usoro dilution (M₁V₁ = M₂V₂):
– M₁ = 1 M
– V₁ = 100 mL
– M₂ = 0.25 M
2. Gbakọọ V₂:
““
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂
1 M x 100 mL = 0.25 M x V₂
V₂ = (1 x 100) / 0.25
= 400 ml
““
3. Gbakọọ olu mmiri a ga-agbakwunye:
““
Olu mmiri agbakwunyere = V₂ – V₁
= 400 mL – 100 mL
= 300 ml
““
Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa itinye 300 ml mmiri iji mee ka mmiri H₂SO₄ dị nro site na 1 M ruo 0.25 M.
Ajụjụ Ihe atụ nke 5: Mmeghachi omume mmiri ozuzo
Ajụjụ:
Kedu gram ole nke ihe na-eme ka AgCl pụta mgbe agwakọta 100 mL nke 0.1 M AgNO₃ na 100 mL nke 0.1 M NaCl ngwọta?
Ngwọta:
Mmeghachi omume ndị na-eme:
““
AgNO₃ + NaCl → AgCl (mmiri mmiri) + NaNO₃
““
Mmeghachi omume a na-eme na nha 1: 1.
1. Gbakọọ ọnụọgụgụ nke mole nke AgNO₃ na NaCl:
““
Ọnụọgụ nke mole nke AgNO₃ = Molarity x Olu
= 0.1 M x 0.100 L
= 0.01 mol
Ọnụọgụ nke mole nke NaCl = Molarity x Olu
= 0.1 M x 0.100 L
= 0.01 mol
““
2. Ebe ọ bụ na oke mmeghachi omume bụ 1:1, ọnụọgụgụ moles nke AgCl e guzobere = Ọnụọgụ moles nke AgNO₃ ma ọ bụ NaCl:
““
Ọnụọgụ nke mole nke AgCl = 0.01 mol
““
3. Gbakọọ oke AgCl:
– Ibu molekul nke AgCl = Ag (107.87) + Cl (35.45) = 143.32 g/mol
““
Ibu AgCl = Ọnụọgụ nke ntụpọ x BM
= 0.01 mol x 143.32 g/mol
= 1.4332 g
““
Ya mere, oke nke AgCl precipitate kpụrụ bụ gram 1.4332.
Mmechi
Isiokwu a atụleela ọtụtụ ihe atụ nsogbu na ngwọta gbasara stoichiometry ngwọta, gụnyere ịgbakọ molarity, mmeghachi omume neutralization, titrations acid-base, dilution, na nhazi precipitate. Site n'ịghọta ihe atụ ndị a, anyị nwere ike ịghọta nke ọma otu esi etinye echiche nke stoichiometry ngwọta n'ọnọdụ ụwa n'ezie. stoichiometry ngwọta abụghị naanị ihe dị mkpa n'ọmụmụ kemistri kamakwa ọ nwere ọtụtụ ojiji n'ọtụtụ ngalaba dịka ọgwụ, biochemistry, na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ.
