Ajụjụ na Mkparịta ụka gbasara ihe ndị mejupụtara ihe ndị dị ndụ nke e ji agbụ carbon mee
Ngwakọta ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ mejupụtara kemịkalụ nwere carbon na njikọta ya na ihe ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sọlfọ, na halogens. Otu ihe e ji mara ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ ọnụnọ nke agbụ carbon, nke nwere ike ịmepụta ụdị dị iche iche dịka agbụ ígwè kwụ ọtọ, agbụ ígwè nwere alaka, ma ọ bụ mgbaaka. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-atụle ọtụtụ nsogbu ndị metụtara ihe ndị dị ndụ mejupụtara agbụ carbon, nke zuru oke na nkọwa.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 1
Ajụjụ:
Benzene bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị a ma ama na-esi ísì ụtọ ma nwee atọm carbon isii na-eme mgbaaka. Kwuo usoro Lewis nke benzene ma kọwaa otú usoro a si kwụsie ike.
Azịza:
Benzene nwere usoro molekul C6H6. A na-egosi nhazi Lewis ya dị ka atọm carbon isii na-emepụta hexagon, ebe atọm carbon ọ bụla ejikọtara na otu atọm hydrogen. Atọm carbon ọ bụla nwere njikọ abụọ na-agbanwe agbanwe yana njikọ otu.
Ihe ndị a bụ nkọwa nke usoro Lewis nke benzene:
““
HH
\ /
C = C
/ \
CC
|
CC
\ /
CC
| |
HH
““
A na-akọwa nkwụsi ike nke benzene site na echiche nke resonance, ebe ọnọdụ nke njikọ abụọ na otu na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ime usoro nke bụ n'ezie ngwakọta nke ọtụtụ nhazi resonance. Resonance a na-eme ka mwepụ nke elektrọn π dị n'ime mgbanaka ahụ, nke na-enye molekul benzene kwụsie ike karịa.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 2
Ajụjụ:
Chọpụta aha IUPAC nke ihe mejupụtara a: CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3.
Azịza:
Ihe mejupụtara ya bụ agbụ ígwè carbon kwụ ọtọ nke nwere otu alaka. Nzọụkwụ mbụ bụ ịchọpụta agbụ ígwè carbon kachasị ogologo nke nwere atọm carbon ise, nke a na-akpọ ya pentane dị ka ntọala.
Na-esote, alaka dị n'ụdị otu methyl (-CH3) dị na carbon nke atọ site na nsọtụ abụọ ahụ, yabụ anyị na-enye nọmba ọnọdụ nke 3 maka alaka a.
Ya mere, aha IUPAC nke ihe mejupụtara ya bụ 3-methylpentane.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 3
Ajụjụ:
Gụpụta ọnụọgụ nke isomers nhazi maka alkane site na iji usoro molekul C5H12.
Azịza:
Alkanes nwere atọm carbon ise (pentane) nwere ọtụtụ isomers nhazi:
1. Pentane (n-pentane):
““
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
““
2. 2-methylbutane (isopentane):
““
CH3
|
CH3-CH-CH2-CH3
““
3. 2,2-dimethylpropane (neopentane):
““
CH3
|
CH3-C-CH3
|
CH3
““
Ebe ọ bụ na enweghị usoro dị iche iche nwere otu ọnụọgụ atọm carbon na-enweghị mgbanwe usoro nke yinye carbon ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ nke otu methyl, anyị nwere naanị isomers nhazi atọ maka C5H12.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 4
Ajụjụ:
See nhazi nke ethanol nke ihe mejupụtara ya (C2H5OH) ma kọwaa ihe dị mkpa dị na ya na ihe ndị dị na ya.
Azịza:
Nhazi nke ihe mejupụtara ethanol bụ dịka ndị a:
““
HH
\ |
HCC-OH
| |
HH
““
Njirimara anụ ahụ nke ethanol:
1. Ethanol bụ mmiri mmiri doro anya, enweghị agba, nwere isi pụrụ iche.
2. Ebe ọ na-esi mmiri bụ 78.37°C, ebe ọ na-ajụ oyi bụ -114.1°C.
3. Na-agbaze nke ọma n'ime mmiri n'ihi ikike ya ịmepụta njikọ hydrogen na molekul mmiri.
Njirimara kemịkalụ nke ethanol:
1. Ethanol nwere ike imeghachi omume na carboxylic acid iji mepụta esters.
2. Ethanol nwekwara ike ịbanye na oxidation ka ọ bụrụ acetaldehyde wee banye na acetic acid.
3. Ethanol na-ere ọkụ n'ikuku, ọ naghịkwa apụta ìhè nke ọma.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 5
Ajụjụ:
Chọpụta nhazi R/S maka carbon chiral dị na molekul lactic acid, nke nwere usoro molekul CH3-CH(OH)-COOH.
Azịza:
Nzọụkwụ iji tọọ nhazi R/S:
1. Chọpụta atọm carbon chiral (stereoisomers) dị na molekul ahụ. Kabọn chiral dị na lactic acid bụ atọm carbon ejikọtara na otu -OH, -COOH, -CH3, na -H.
2. Kenye ihe ndị kacha mkpa dabere na ọnụọgụ atọm (iwu Cahn-Ingold-Prelog): -OH (ihe kacha mkpa 1), -COOH (ihe kacha mkpa 2), -CH3 (ihe kacha mkpa 3), na -H (ihe kacha mkpa 4).
3. Tụọ otu nke nwere ihe kacha mkpa (-H) n'azụ.
4. Lelee usoro site na 1 ruo 3. Ọ bụrụ na ọ na-aga n'ihu n'akụkụ elekere, nhazi ahụ bụ S; ọ bụrụ na ọ na-aga n'akụkụ elekere, nhazi ahụ bụ R.
Ya mere, maka lactic acid, ọ dị mkpa iji:
– Ihe Kachasị Mkpa: -OH (1), -COOH (2), -CH3 (3)
– Usoro site na 1 ruo 3 bụ n'akụkụ elekere, yabụ nhazi ahụ bụ R.
Ya mere, lactic acid nwere nhazi R na chiral carbon ya.
Mmechi
Ịghọta nhazi na aha nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, karịsịa ndị mejupụtara agbụ carbon, dị mkpa na kemistri organic. Isiokwu a na-egosi ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke nsogbu na mkparịta ụka, na-ekpuchi usoro resonance, aha IUPAC, isomerization, na nhazi stereoisomer. A na-atụ anya na mkparịta ụka a ga-enyere ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ aka ịghọta ma tinye echiche dị mkpa n'ọrụ na kemistri organic.
