Ihe atụ nke Ajụjụ Mkparịta ụka RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) bụ molekul dị mkpa n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke na-arụ ọrụ n'ịsụgharị ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa site na DNA ka ọ bụrụ protein. Ịghọta nhazi na ọrụ nke RNA dị oke mkpa na nkuzi bayoloji, ọkachasị na ọkwa sekọndrị na mahadum. Isiokwu a ga-atụle ọtụtụ ajụjụ atụ metụtara RNA na nkọwa ha, dị ka ntuziaka ọmụmụ na iji ghọtakwuo RNA.
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1. Nhazi na Ụdị RNA
Tupu anyị ekwuo maka nsogbu a, ọ dị mkpa ịghọta nhazi na ụdị RNA bụ isi. RNA nwere usoro nucleotides nke nwere shuga ribose, ntọala nitrogenous (adenine, uracil, cytosine, na guanine), na otu phosphate. Isi ihe dị iche n'etiti DNA na RNA bụ na RNA nwere uracil kama thymine dị na DNA. Ọtụtụ ụdị RNA na-arụ ọrụ n'ime sel, gụnyere RNA ozi (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), na transfer RNA (tRNA).
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Ajụjụ nke Mbụ: Kọwaa isi ihe dị iche n'etiti DNA na RNA n'ihe gbasara nhazi ha na ihe ndị mejupụtara ha.
Azịza:
– Nhazi: DNA bụ molekul nwere eriri abụọ nke na-emepụta helix abụọ, ebe RNA na-abụkarị otu eriri ma nwee ike ịmepụta ụdị akụkụ atọ dị iche iche site na njikọta ntọala intramolecular.
– Shuga: DNA nwere deoxyribose, ebe RNA nwere ribose. Deoxyribose nwere otu atọm oxygen dị ala karịa ribose.
– Ntọala Nitrogen: DNA nwere ntọala nitrogen anọ: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), na cytosine (C). N'ụzọ dị iche, RNA nwere adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), na cytosine (C). Uracil na-anọchi thymine na RNA.
– Ịkwụsi ike: DNA kwụsiri ike karịa RNA n'ihi nhazi helix ya abụọ na enweghị otu hydroxyl na ọnọdụ carbon 2′.
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2. Ọrụ na Njikọ nke RNA
Mgbe anyị ghọtara ọdịiche dị n'etiti nhazi, anyị na-aga n'ihu na ọrụ na njikọta nke RNA n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ. Nkọwapụta bụ usoro nke imepụta RNA site na template DNA. enzyme RNA polymerase na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro a.
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Ajụjụ nke Abụọ: Kọwaa usoro e si ede ihe ma kwuo isi ọrụ nke RNA polymerase.
Azịza:
Usoro ntụgharị bụ usoro e si edetuo ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa sitere na DNA n'ime RNA. Isi usoro ntụgharị bụ ndị a:
– Mmalite: Usoro a na-amalite mgbe RNA polymerase na-arapara na onye na-akwalite ya, usoro DNA nke na-egosi mmalite nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.
– Ogologo: RNA polymerase na-agagharị n'akụkụ template DNA, na-agụ usoro ntọala ma na-emepụta eriri RNA na-agbakwụnye. RNA nke na-esi na ya apụta bụ mRNA, nke na-ebu ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa site na DNA gaa na ribosome.
– Nkwụsị: Usoro ntụgharị okwu ahụ na-akwụsị mgbe RNA polymerase ruru usoro terminator na DNA, na-akwụsị njikọta RNA ma na-ewepụta RNA e guzobere ọhụrụ.
RNA polymerase bụ enzyme bụ isi dị na ntụgharị akwụkwọ, nke na-ahụ maka imepe helix DNA, ịgụ usoro ntọala, na ịchịkọta agbụ RNA nke dabara na eriri DNA template.
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3. Ọrụ nke mRNA, rRNA, na tRNA
Ụdị RNA ọ bụla nwere ọrụ pụrụ iche na mmepụta protein.
– mRNA: Na-ebu otu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa site na DNA dị na nucleus cell gaa na ribosomes, ebe njikọ protein na-eme.
– rRNA: Na-ejikọta ya na protein iji mepụta ribosomes, usoro ebe usoro ịtụgharị mRNA ka ọ bụrụ protein na-eme.
– tRNA: Na-ebuga amino acid kpọmkwem na ribosome n'oge usoro ntụgharị, dabere na usoro codon na mRNA.
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Ajụjụ nke 3: Kedu ka tRNA si amata usoro codon na mRNA n'oge ntụgharị asụsụ? Gịnị bụ mkpa anticodons dị na tRNAs?
Azịza:
tRNA nwere usoro pụrụ iche nke na-enye ohere maka njirimara na njikọ kpọmkwem na mRNA. Mkpụrụ ndụ tRNA ọ bụla nwere ebe njikọ maka amino acid kpọmkwem n'otu nsọtụ na anticodon n'akụkụ nke ọzọ. Anticodon bụ usoro nucleotide atọ nke na-emekọ ihe na codon na mRNA. Ka ribosome na-agagharị n'akụkụ mRNA n'oge ntụgharị, anticodon tRNA na-ejikọ na codon mRNA, na-ahụ na agbakwunyere amino acid ziri ezi na yinye polypeptide na-eto eto. Nke a bụ isi ihe dị mkpa maka njikọ protein ziri ezi.
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4. Mgbanwe Mgbe Edemede A Na-edegharị
RNA e mepụtara ọhụrụ na-agbanwekarị mgbanwe mgbe e dechara ya tupu ọ rụọ ọrụ nke ọma na mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ.
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Ajụjụ nke 4: Kpọọ aha ma kọwaa mgbanwe atọ mgbe e dechara ihe nke na-emekarị na eukaryotes?
Azịza:
Mgbe edechara mkpụrụ ndụ eukaryotic, pre-mRNA na-eme ọtụtụ mgbanwe dị mkpa:
– Mkpuchi (Mgbakwunye okpu 5'): A na-agbakwunye nukleotide agbanwere agbanwe na njedebe 5' nke pre-mRNA e mepụtara ọhụrụ. Mkpuchi a na-echebe mRNA pụọ na mmebi ma na-enyere aka na njikọ ribosome n'oge ntụgharị.
– Ngwunye: A na-ebipụ Introns, ma ọ bụ usoro na-abụghị koodu, site na pre-mRNA, a na-ejikọkwa expons, ma ọ bụ usoro koodu, ọnụ. Usoro a na-emepụta mRNA tozuru oke dị njikere ka a tụgharịa ya ka ọ bụrụ protein.
– Polyadenylation (Mgbakwunye ọdụ Poly-A): A na-agbakwụnye adenine yinye na njedebe 3′ nke mRNA. Ọdụ poly-A a na-eme ka mRNA kwụsie ike ma na-eme ka mbupụ site na nucleus gaa na cytoplasm dị mfe.
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Site n'ịghọta ajụjụ atụ na mkparịta ụka ha, a na-atụ anya ka ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ghọta nke ọma gbasara RNA na ọrụ dị mkpa ọ na-arụ na mkpụrụ ndụ. Ịghọta isiokwu a bụ isi ihe dị mkpa na bayoloji molekul ma dịkwa mkpa maka ọganihu n'ọtụtụ ngalaba bayoteknọlọji na ọgwụ. Ka anyị na-eme ọtụtụ ajụjụ omume, otú ahụ ka nghọta anyị banyere usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ọkwa molekul si dịkwuo elu.
