Ajụjụ na Mkparịta ụka gbasara Mgbanwe Nha nhata
Mgbanwe nha nhata bụ isiokwu dị mkpa na kemistri, ọkachasị n'ọmụmụ gbasara nha nhata kemịkalụ. Isi ihe na-akọwa mgbanwe nha nhata bụ Ụkpụrụ Le Chatelier, nke na-ekwu, sị: "Ọ bụrụ na a gbanwee usoro dị na nha nhata (nrụgide), sistemụ ahụ ga-agbanwe iji belata mmetụta nke mgbanwe ahụ ma ruo ọnọdụ nha nhata ọhụrụ."
N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-atụle ajụjụ na mkparịta ụka gbasara mgbanwe nhazi iji nyere aka ịghọta echiche a nke ọma.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 1: Mgbanwe na Nha Nrụgide
Ajụjụ:
Nitrogen tetroxide gas (N2O4) na-agbanwe agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ nitrogen dioxide (NO2) dịka usoro mmeghachi omume si dị:
\[ \ederede{N}_2\ederede{O}_4\ederede{(g)} \rightleftharpoons 2\ederede{NO}_2\ederede{(g)} \]
N'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ enyere, mmeghachi omume a na-adị n'ọnọdụ nguzozi. Ọ bụrụ na nrụgide zuru oke nke sistemụ ahụ amụbaa, kedu ụzọ nguzozi ahụ ga-agbanwe?
Azịza:
Dịka Ụkpụrụ Le Chatelier si kwuo, ọ bụrụ na nrụgide dị na sistemụ na nhazi ahụ amụbaa, nguzozi ahụ ga-agbanwe gaa n'akụkụ ebe obere molekul gas dị iji belata mgbanwe nrụgide.
N'ime mmeghachi omume enyere:
\[ \ederede{N}_2\ederede{O}_4\ederede{(g)} \rightleftharpoons 2\ederede{NO}_2\ederede{(g)} \]
n'akụkụ aka ekpe (reactants), e nwere mole gas 1 (N2O4), na n'akụkụ aka nri (ngwaahịa) e nwere mole gas 2 (NO2).
Mgbe nrụgide ahụ mụbara, nguzozi ahụ ga-agbanwe gaa n'aka ekpe (n'ebe N2O4 dị) nke nwere obere molekul gas iji belata nrụgide ahụ.
Ihe atụ Ajụjụ nke 2: Mgbanwe na Nha nha okpomọkụ
Ajụjụ:
Tụlee ihe a merenụ:
\[ \ederede{2NO}_2\ederede{(g)} \rightleftharpoons \ederede{N}_2\ederede{O}_4\ederede{(g)} + \ederede{Okpomọkụ} \]
Nha nha ahụ ọ ga-agbanwe gaa n'aka nri ma ọ bụ aka ekpe ma ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ ahụ amụbaa?
Azịza:
Mmeghachi omume dị n'elu bụ exothermic, nke pụtara na a na-ewepụta okpomọkụ ka mmeghachi omume ahụ na-aga n'ihu na mmepụta N2O4 (ngwaahịa ahụ). Dịka Ụkpụrụ Le Chatelier si kwuo, ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ nke sistemụ ahụ amụbaa, nguzozi ga-agbanwe gaa n'ụzọ nke na-amịkọrọ okpomọkụ iji belata mgbanwe okpomọkụ (n'akụkụ endothermic).
N'okwu a, ka okpomọkụ na-arị elu, nguzozi ga-agbanwe gaa n'aka ekpe, gaa na NO2 (ihe na-eme mmeghachi omume), n'ihi na mgbanwe nke mmeghachi omume ahụ na-amịkọrọ okpomọkụ.
Ihe atụ Ajụjụ nke 3: Mgbanwe na Nha nhata nke uche
Ajụjụ:
N'ihi mmeghachi omume nguzozi a:
\[ \text{H}_2\text{(g)} + \text{I}_2\text{(g)} \rightleftharpoons 2\text{HI}\text{(g)} \]
Kedu ihe na-eme nguzozi ma ọ bụrụ na anyị etinyekwuo H2 na sistemụ ahụ?
Azịza:
Dịka Ụkpụrụ Le Chatelier si kwuo, ọ bụrụ na njupụta nke otu n'ime ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime ihe ... ya ghara ịdị elu, ọ ga-agbanwe gaa n'ebe ihe ndị ahụ dị.
N'okwu a, mmụba na H2 ga-eme ka nguzozi gbanwee gaa n'aka nri, na-eduga n'ịmepụta HI karịa.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 4: Mmetụta nke Ịgbakwunye Ihe Nkwanye Elu na Nha nhata
Ajụjụ:
Kedu ka mgbakwunye nke ihe mkpali si emetụta ọnọdụ nhazi na mmeghachi omume nhazi na-esote?
\[ \ederede{2SO}_2\ederede{(g)} + \ederede{O}_2\ederede{(g)} \rightleftharpoons 2\ederede{SO}_3\ederede{(g)} \]
Azịza:
Ihe na-akpali mmeghachi omume na-eme ka ọsọ mmeghachi omume nke mmeghachi omume n'ihu na nke azụ dịkwuo elu site n'ibelata ike mkpali. Agbanyeghị, ihe na-akpali mmeghachi omume anaghị emetụta ọnọdụ nhazi; ha na-enyere sistemụ aka iru nguzozi ngwa ngwa. Ya mere, itinye ihe na-akpali mmeghachi omume agaghị agbanwe ọnọdụ nhazi.
Ihe atụ Ajụjụ nke 5: Nha nhata na Ngwọta
Ajụjụ:
Nyere mmeghachi omume ionization nke acid HF na-adịghị ike n'ime mmiri:
\[ \text{HF(aq)} \rightleftharpoons \text{H}^+\text{(aq)} + \text{F}^-\text{(aq)} \]
Gịnị na-eme ọnọdụ nguzozi ma ọ bụrụ na etinyere gram ole na ole nke NaF (nke a na-agwakọta kpamkpam na Na+ na F-) na ngwọta HF?
Azịza:
Mgbakwunye NaF ga-eme ka mkpokọta F- ions dịkwuo elu na ngwọta ahụ. Dịka Ụkpụrụ Le Chatelier si kwuo, ịbawanye mkpokọta nke ngwaahịa (F-) ga-eme ka nguzozi gbanwee gaa n'aka ekpe (na-eduga na nhazi nke HF) iji belata mgbanwe ahụ.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 6: Nha nhata na pH
Ajụjụ:
N'ihi mmeghachi omume nguzozi a:
\[ \ederede{CO}_2\ederede{(g)} + \ederede{H}_2\ederede{O(l)} \rightleftharpoons \ederede{H}_2\ederede{CO}_3\ederede{(aq)} \]
Kedu ka mgbanwe na pH nke ngwọta si emetụta nguzozi?
Azịza:
Ionization nke H2CO3 n'ime mmiri na-emepụta ion H+ na ion bicarbonate (HCO3-):
\[ \text{H}_2\text{CO}_3\text{(aq)} \rightleftharpoons \text{H}^+\text{(aq)} + \text{HCO}_3^-\text{(aq)} \]
Ọ bụrụ na pH nke ihe ngwọta ahụ ebelata (ọ na-ebelata acidity / mmụba na H+), nhazi mmiri nke CO2 gaa na H2CO3 ga-agbanwe gaa na mbelata nke ion H+, ya bụ, gaa na ndị na-emeghachi omume (CO2 na H2O). Ọ bụrụ na pH amụba (ihe dị mfe / mbelata na H+), nhazi ahụ ga-agbanwe gaa na ngwaahịa (H2CO3) nke na-emepụta H+ karịa iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka mgbanwe ahụ.
Mkparịta ụka a dum gbasara nguzozi kemịkalụ ga-egosi otu mgbanwe na nrụgide, okpomọkụ, ntinye uche, mgbakwunye nke ihe na-akpali akpali, na ọnọdụ nke ngwọta si emetụta ọnọdụ nguzozi, na-agbaso ụkpụrụ Le Chatelier. Ịghọta ụkpụrụ a dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ ojiji kemịkalụ, site na ụlọ ọrụ ruo na nyocha ụlọ nyocha.
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