Ihe Nlereanya nke Ajụjụ Mkparịta ụka gbasara Metabolism
Metabolism bụ usoro mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ nke na-eme n'ime sel nke ihe dị ndụ iji nọgide na-adị ndụ. Usoro a gụnyere isi ihe abụọ: anabolism na catabolism. Anabolism bụ usoro nke iwulite molekul dị mgbagwoju anya site na ndị dị mfe, nke na-achọkarị ike. Catabolism bụ usoro nke kewaa molekul dị mgbagwoju anya ka ọ bụrụ ndị dị mfe, si otú a na-ewepụta ike.
N'ihe gbasara bayoloji, metabolism bụ isiokwu dị mkpa ma na-esiri ụmụ akwụkwọ ike. Iji nyere gị aka ịghọta isiokwu a nke ọma, anyị ga-enye ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke nsogbu na nkọwa ha.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 1: Ụzọ Glycolysis
Ajụjụ: Kọwaa usoro glycolysis ma dee ihe ndị dị na ụzọ a.
Azịza:
Glycolysis bụ ụzọ metabolic nke na-eme na cytoplasm nke mkpụrụ ndụ, ebe a na-ekewa otu molekul glucose (C6H12O6) n'ime molekul abụọ nke pyruvic acid (C3H4O3). Usoro a anaghị achọ oxygen (anaerobic) ma na-eme na usoro iri nke enzymes kpọmkwem na-emepụta.
1. Usoro Nkwadebe:
- A na-agbanwe glucose ka ọ bụrụ Glucose-6-phosphate site na enzyme hexokinase.
– A na-agbanwe glucose-6-phosphate ka ọ bụrụ fructose-6-phosphate site na enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase.
– A na-eme ka Fructose-6-phosphate bụrụ fructose-1,6-bisphosphate site na phosphofructokinase.
2. Nzọụkwụ nkewa:
– A na-ekewa Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate n'ime molekul carbon atọ abụọ: dihydroxyacetone phosphate na glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
3. Nzọụkwụ mkpali na nhazi ATP:
– A na-agbanwe Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ka ọ bụrụ 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate site na dehydrogenase.
– A na-ebufe phosphate site na 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate gaa na ADP iji mepụta ATP na 3-phosphoglycerate.
– A na-agbanwe 3-phosphoglycerate ka ọ bụrụ phosphoenolpyruvate.
– N’ikpeazụ, a na-ebufe phosphate sitere na phosphoenolpyruvate na ADP iji mepụta ATP na pyruvate.
Ihe ndị mejupụtara glycolysis bụ molekul pyruvic acid abụọ, molekul ATP abụọ (a na-emepụta ATP anọ mana a na-eji ha eme ihe ọzọ), na NADH abụọ.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 2: Okirikiri Krebs
Ajụjụ: Kọwaa ọrụ nke okirikiri Krebs na metabolism ike sel ma depụta ihe ndị bụ isi sitere na otu okirikiri.
Azịza:
Usoro Krebs, nke a makwaara dịka okirikiri citric acid ma ọ bụ okirikiri TCA, bụ ụzọ metabolic nke na-eme na mitochondria. Usoro a chọrọ oxygen (aerobic) ma na-arụ ọrụ n'imepụta molekul nwere ike dị elu dịka NADH na FADH2, nke a na-eji na usoro njem eletrọn iji mepụta ATP.
Ná mmalite nke usoro Krebs, molekul acetyl-CoA na-ejikọta ya na oxaloacetic acid (4C) iji mepụta citric acid (6C). Acid citric na-enweta usoro mmeghachi omume nke na-eme ka acid oxaloacetic dịghachi ọhụrụ, ebe ọ na-ewepụta molekul CO2 abụọ, ma na-emepụta NADH, FADH2, na ATP (ma ọ bụ GTP).
Isi ihe si na otu ntụgharị nke okirikiri Krebs pụta (malite na otu acetyl-CoA) bụ:
– Mkpụrụ ndụ NADH atọ
– molekul FADH2 1
– 1 molekul nke ATP (ma ọ bụ GTP)
– 2 molekul CO2
A ga-agbanwe NADH na FADH2 ka ọ bụrụ ATP site na usoro mbugharị elektrọn.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 3: Chain Njem Electron
Ajụjụ: Kọwaa otu usoro njem eletrọn si arụ ọrụ na mmepụta ATP ma kpọọ aha ebe usoro a dị na sel ahụ.
Azịza:
Usoro njem elektrọn (ETC) bụ akụkụ ikpeazụ nke iku ume mkpụrụ ndụ ma na-eme n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ nke mitochondria. Ọrụ ya bụ imepụta ATP site na oxidative phosphorylation.
NADH na FADH2, nke glycolysis na usoro Krebs mepụtara, na-enye aka na elektrọn na agbụ a. Elektrọn na-agafe usoro ihe mejupụtara protein dị mgbagwoju anya nke dị n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ mitochondrial. A na-eji ike a na-ewepụta mgbe electrons na-asọ asọ iji dọpụta protons (H+) site na matrix mitochondrial gaa na oghere intermembrane, na-emepụta proton gradient.
Ndabere proton a na-emepụta ike nwere ike a maara dị ka ike proton-motivation. Proton na-alaghachi na matrix site na ATP synthase, enzyme nke na-eji usoro proton a emepụta ATP site na ADP na phosphate inorganic.
N'ozuzu, usoro ETC nwere ike imepụta ihe dị ka ATP 34 kwa molekul glucose nke ejiri oxidized mee.
Ajụjụ na Mkparịta ụka Ndị Ọzọ
Ọ dịkwa mkpa ịnwa ajụjụ ndị ọzọ ga-anwale nghọta gị gbasara enzymes ndị dị na ya, ọdịiche dị n'etiti iku ume mkpụrụ ndụ na ịgbaze, yana mmetụta nke ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi (dịka nnweta oxygen) na metabolism.
Ajụjụ Ndị Ọzọ:
1. Gịnị mere NAD+ ji dị mkpa na glycolysis?
2. Tụlee iku ume aerobic na ịgbaze n'ihe gbasara arụmọrụ nke mmepụta ATP.
3. Kọwaa otu esi ejikọta metabolism abụba na usoro Krebs.
Ịmụ gbasara metabolism chọrọ nghọta miri emi nke biochemistry na cellular physiology. Ndụmọdụ kachasị mma bụ ịnọgide na-eme ihe gbasara nsogbu, mkparịta ụka otu, na nnwale ụlọ nyocha iji mee ka echiche ndị a sikwuo ike. Enwere m olileanya na isiokwu a ga-enyere gị aka ịghọta metabolism gị nke ọma ma kwadebe maka ajụjụ ndị metụtara ya na ule gị.
