Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya Na-ekwu Maka Ike nke Asịd na Bases
Ike asịd na ntọala bụ echiche dị mkpa na kemistri nke na-egosi etu esi eme ka acid ma ọ bụ molekul ntọala nye proton (H⁺) ma ọ bụ nabata proton n'otu n'otu. N'okwu a, anyị ga-eleba anya n'ọtụtụ nsogbu atụ ga-enyere anyị aka ịghọta ike asịd na ntọala, yana otu esi agbakọ pH na pOH ha. Tupu anyị abanye n'okwu nsogbu, ka anyị buru ụzọ ghọta isi ihe dị na ozizi asịd na ntọala.
Okwu Mmalite nke Ike nke Asịd na Bases
A pụrụ ịchọpụta ike nke asịd ma ọ bụ ntọala site na oke ionization ya na ngwọta. Asịd siri ike bụ nke a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ion zuru oke na ngwọta, ebe asịd na-adịghị ike na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ion naanị akụkụ ion. Otu ihe ahụ ka ọ dịkwa maka ntọala.
Asịd siri ike na Asịd adịghị ike
Acids siri ike, dịka:
- Acid hydrochloric (HCl)
– Sọlfuric acid (H₂SO₄)
- Nitric acid (HNO₃)
Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ion zuru oke na mmiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, HCl dị na mmiri ga-ekewa n'ime H⁺ na Cl⁻ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam.
Asịd ndị na-adịghị ike, dịka:
- Asịdi acetic (CH₃COOH)
- Hydrofluoric acid (HF)
– Sitric acid (C₆H₈O₇)
naanị akụkụ ion dị na mmiri. Nke a pụtara na n'oge ọ bụla, ụfọdụ molekul acid na-anọgide n'ụdị molekul ma ha anaghị ekewapụ onwe ha n'ime ion.
Ntọala siri ike na ntọala ndị na-adịghị ike
Ntọala siri ike, dịka:
- Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
- Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
– Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂)
Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ion zuru oke na mmiri mmiri, na-emepụta nnukwu ion OH⁻.
Ntọala ndị na-adịghị ike, dịka:
– Amonia (NH₃)
– Methylamine (CH₃NH₂)
ọ na-agbanwe naanị ion n'ime mmiri, na-emepụta obere ion OH⁻.
Ajụjụ na Mkparịta ụka Ihe Nlereanya
Ka anyị nwaa ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke nsogbu iji ghọta nke ọma echiche a.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 1: Ịgbakọ pH nke Acid Dị Ike
Ajụjụ:
Gbakọọ pH nke ihe ngwọta HCl 0,1 M.
Azịza:
HCl bụ acid siri ike, ya mere ọ ga-agbanwe kpamkpam na ngwọta:
\[ \text{HCl} \rightarrow \text{H}^+ + \text{Cl}^- \]
Ebe ọ bụ na HCl bụ ion zuru oke, ntinye nke [H⁺] hà nhata ntinye nke HCl:
\[ [\text{H}^+] = 0,1 \, \text{M} \]
\[ \ederede{pH} = -\log[\ederede{H}^+] \]
\[ \ederede{pH} = -\log(0,1) \]
\[ \ederede{pH} = 1 \]
Ya mere, pH nke 0,1 M HCl ngwọta bụ 1.
Ihe atụ Ajụjụ nke 2: Ịgbakọ pH nke Acid Na-adịghị Ike
Ajụjụ:
Gbakọọ pH nke mmiri ọgwụ CH₃COOH nke 0,1 M. A maara na Ka (nkwanye acid dissociation constant) nke CH₃COOH bụ \(1,8 \u003d 10^{-5}\).
Azịza:
Maka asịd ndị na-adịghị ike, a ga-eburu n'uche ogo ionization. Usoro nhazi maka nkewa nke acetic acid bụ:
\[ \ederede{CH}_3\ederede{COOH} \rightleftharpoons \ederede{H}^+ + \ederede{CH}_3\ederede{COO}^- \]
Site na iji Ka:
\[ \text{Ka} = \frac{[\text{H}^+][\text{CH}_3\text{COO}^-]}{[\text{CH}_3\text{COOH}]} \]
Were ya na nkewa [H⁺] = [CH₃COO⁻] = x na mbụ [CH₃COOH] bụ 0,1 M, wee:
\[ 1,8 \ugboro 10^{-5} = \frac{x^2}{0,1 – x} \]
Ebe ọ bụ na Ka dị obere, a pụrụ ileghara x anya ma e jiri ya tụnyere 0,1:
\[ 1,8 \ugboro 10^{-5} \ihe dịka \frac{x^2}{0,1} \]
\[ x^2 = 1,8 \ugboro 10^{-6} \]
\[ x = \sqrt{1,8 \ugboro 10^{-6}} \]
\[ x \ihe dị ka 1,34 \ugboro 10^{-3} \]
Mgbe ahụ, [H⁺] ≈ \(1,34 \ugboro 10^{-3} \):
\[ \ederede{pH} = -\log[\ederede{H}^+] \]
\[ \text{pH} = -\log(1,34 \ugboro 10^{-3}) \]
\[ \ederede{pH} \ihe dịka 2,87 \]
Ya mere, pH nke ihe ngwọta 0,1 M CH₃COOH bụ ihe dịka 2,87.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 3: Ịgbakọ pOH na pH nke ntọala siri ike
Ajụjụ:
Gbakọọ pOH na pH nke ngwọta NaOH nke 0,01 M.
Azịza:
NaOH bụ ntọala siri ike nke jupụtara na ion na mmiri:
\[ \text{NaOH} \rightarrow \text{Na}^+ + \text{OH}^- \]
Ebe ọ bụ na NaOH bụ ion zuru oke, ntinye nke [OH⁻] hà nhata ntinye nke NaOH:
\[ [\text{OH}^-] = 0,01 \, \text{M} \]
\[ \text{pOH} = -\log[\text{OH}^-] \]
\[ \ederede{pOH} = -\log(0,01) \]
\[ \ederede{pOH} = 2 \]
A maara na pH na pOH nwere njikọ site na usoro ndị a:
\[ \ederede{pH} + \ederede{pOH} = 14 \]
Maca,
\[ \text{pH} = 14 – \text{pOH} \]
\[ \ederede{pH} = 14 – 2 \]
\[ \ederede{pH} = 12 \]
Ya mere, pOH nke ihe ngwọta NaOH nke 0,01 M bụ 2, pH ya bụkwa 12.
Ihe atụ Ajụjụ nke 4: Ịgbakọ pH nke isi na-adịghị ike
Ajụjụ:
Gbakọọ pH nke ngwọta 0,1 M NH₃. A maara na Kb (nhazi nkewa ntọala) nke NH₃ bụ \(1,76 \ugboro 10^{-5}\).
Azịza:
NH₃ n'ime mmiri na-emeghachi omume iji mepụta NH₄⁺ na OH⁻:
\[ \ederede{NH}_3 + \ederede{H}_2\ederede{O} \ederede_rightleftharpoons \ederede{NH}_4^+ + \ederede{OH}^- \]
Site na iji Kb,
\[ \text{Kb} = \frac{[\text{NH}_4^+][\text{OH}^-]}{[\text{NH}_3]} \]
Were ya na nkewa [OH⁻] = [NH₄⁺] = x, na mbụ [NH₃] bụ 0,1 M, wee:
\[ 1,76 \ugboro 10^{-5} = \frac{x^2}{0,1 – x} \]
Dịka echiche si dị, x pere mpe ma e jiri ya tụnyere 0,1:
\[ 1,76 \ugboro 10^{-5} \ihe dịka \frac{x^2}{0,1} \]
\[ x^2 = 1,76 \ugboro 10^{-6} \]
\[ x = \sqrt{1,76 \ugboro 10^{-6}} \]
\[ x \ihe dị ka 1,33 \ugboro 10^{-3} \]
Mgbe ahụ, [OH⁻] ≈ \(1,33 \ugboro 10^{-3}\):
\[ \text{pOH} = -\log[\text{OH}^-] \]
\[ \text{pOH} = -\log(1,33 \ugboro 10^{-3}) \]
\[ \ederede{pOH} \ihe dị ka 2,88 \]
Mgbe ahụ, a na-agbakọ pH site na:
\[ \text{pH} = 14 – \text{pOH} \]
\[ \ederede{pH} = 14 – 2,88 \]
\[ \ederede{pH} \ihe dịka 11,12 \]
Ya mere, pH nke ihe ngwọta 0,1 M NH₃ bụ ihe dịka 11,12.
Mmechi
Ịghọta ike nke asịd na ntọala dị mkpa na kemistri. Site n'ịghọta otu esi agbakọ pH na pOH, na ịmara otu esi achọpụta asịd na ntọala ndị na-adịghị ike na ndị siri ike, ị ga-adị njikere nke ọma iji dozie ọtụtụ nsogbu kemistri gụnyere ngwọta. Ihe atụ ndị a ga-enye nwere olileanya na echiche ndị a ga-edo anya ma nye ntọala siri ike maka ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ.
