Ihe Nlereanya nke Ajụjụ Mkparịta ụka Capacitor
Pendahuluan
Kapasaịta bụ ihe eletrọniki nke na-echekwa ike n'ụdị ubi eletriki. Ịghọta kapasaịta dị oke mkpa na eletrọniki, ebe a na-eji ha eme ọtụtụ ngwa, site na sekit nzacha ruo na nchekwa ike. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-atụle ọtụtụ ihe atụ nsogbu kapasaịta na nkọwa ha iji nyere gị aka ịghọta echiche ahụ nke ọma na otu kapasaịta si arụ ọrụ.
Echiche Dị Mkpa nke Capacitors
Tupu anyị abanye n'ihe atụ ndị a, ka anyị leba anya n'echiche bụ isi nke capacitors. Kapacitor nwere efere abụọ na-eduzi eletriki nke dielectric kewara. Mgbe ejiri capacitor jikọọ na isi iyi voltaji, a na-echekwa chajị eletriki na efere ndị ahụ. A na-atụ ikike, ma ọ bụ ikike nke capacitor ịchekwa chajị, na farads (F).
Usoro bụ isi nke capacitor bụ:
\[
Q = C \ugboro V
\]
Ebe:
– \( Q \) bụ chaja eletrik dị na coulombs (C)
– \(C \) bụ ikike dị na farads (F)
– \(V \) bụ voltaji dị na volt (V)
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 1: Ịgbakọ Ụgwọ na Capacitor
Ajụjụ:
A na-ejikọ capacitor nwere ike nke 4 µF na isi iyi voltaji 12 V. Gbakọọ ike eletrik echekwara na capacitor ahụ.
Azịza:
Site na iji usoro capacitor bụ isi \( Q = C \times V \):
\[
Q = ugboro anọ 10^{-6} F \ ugboro 12 V = ugboro 48 10^{-6} C = 48 µC
\]
Ya mere, chajị echekwara na capacitor bụ 48 µC.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke Abụọ: Ịgbakọ Ike Nchekwara na Capacitor
Ajụjụ:
A na-agba chajị capacitor 10 µF ruo mgbe voltaji ahụ ruru 5 V. Ike ole ka echekwara na capacitor ahụ?
Azịza:
Enwere ike ịgbakọ ike echekwara na capacitor site na iji usoro a:
\[
E = \frac{1}{2} CV^2
\]
Ebe:
– \(E \) bụ ike dị na joules (J)
– \(C \) bụ ikike dị na farads (F)
– \(V \) bụ voltaji dị na volt (V)
\[
E = \frac{1}{2} \ugboro 10 \ugboro 10^{-6} F \ugboro (5 V)^2 = \frac{1}{2} \ugboro 10 \ugboro 10^{-6} \ugboro 25 = 0.000125 J = 125 µJ
\]
Ya mere, ike echekwara na capacitor bụ 125 µJ.
Ihe atụ nke 3: Sekit Capacitor nke usoro
Ajụjụ:
A na-ejikọ capacitors abụọ, nke ọ bụla nwere capacitance nke 6 µF na 8 µF, n'usoro. Gbakọọ ike niile nke sekit ahụ.
Azịza:
Maka capacitors ejikọtara na usoro, enwere ike ịgbakọ mkpokọta capacitance \( C_{total} \) site na iji usoro a:
\[
\frac{1}{C_{ngụkọta}} = \frac{1}{C_1} + \frac{1}{C_2}
\]
\[
\frac{1}{C_{ngụkọta}} = \frac{1}{6 \ugboro 10^{-6} F} + \frac{1}{8 \ugboro 10^{-6} F} = \frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{8} = \frac{8 + 6}{48} = \frac{14}{48} = \frac{7}{24}
\]
\[
C_{ngụkọta} = \frac{24}{7} \ugboro 10^{-6} F = 3.43 µF
\]
Ya mere, ikike zuru oke nke capacitors abụọ ejikọtara na usoro bụ 3.43 µF.
Ihe atụ nke 4: Sekit Capacitor Parallel
Ajụjụ:
E jikọtara capacitors atọ nwere capacitance nke 2 µF, 4 µF, na 6 µF n'otu oge. Gbakọọ ike niile nke sekit ahụ.
Azịza:
Maka capacitors nke edobere n'otu oge, enwere ike ịgbakọ capacitance niile \( C_{total} \) site na ịgbakwunye capacitance nke capacitor ọ bụla:
\[
C_{mkpokọta} = C_1 + C_2 + C_3
\]
\[
C_{ngụkọta} = ugboro abụọ 10^{-6} F + ugboro anọ 10^{-6} F + ugboro isii 10^{-6} F = ugboro iri na abụọ 10^{-6} F = 12 µF
\]
Ya mere, ikike zuru oke nke capacitors atọ ejikọtara na nkuku bụ 12 µF.
Ajụjụ Ihe atụ nke 5: Ike na ihe Dielectric
Ajụjụ:
Kapasitọ nwere ikike mbụ nke 5 µF. Ọ bụrụ na etinyere ihe dielectric nwere dielectric constant (\(k \)) nke 3 n'etiti efere kapasitọ, kedu ka capacitance ọhụrụ ga-adị?
Azịza:
Enwere ike ịgbakọ ikike nke capacitor nwere ihe dielectric site na iji usoro a:
\[
C' = k \ugboro C
\]
Ebe:
– \(C' \) bụ ikike ọhụrụ
– \(k \) bụ ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe dielectric
– \(C \) bụ ikike mbụ
\[
C' = ugboro atọ, ugboro ise, ugboro iri na ise, ugboro iri na ise, ugboro iri na ise, ugboro iri na ise, ugboro iri na ise, ugboro iri na ise, ugboro iri na isii, ụbọchị iri na isii, ụbọchị iri na ise ...
\]
Ya mere, mgbe etinyere ihe dielectric nwere dielectric constant nke 3, capacitance ọhụrụ ahụ bụ 15 µF.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 6: Capacitors na Circuits RC
Ajụjụ:
Sekit RC nwere resistor 10 kΩ na capacitor 20 µF. Ọ bụrụ na etinyere voltaji na sekit a, ogologo oge ole ka capacitor ga-ewe iji chajịa ruo 63% nke voltaji kachasị ya?
Azịza:
Oge achọrọ ka capacitor chajịa ruo ihe dị ka 63% nke voltaji kachasị ya hà nhata otu oge na-agbanwe agbanwe \( \tau \) (tau), nke a na-agbakọ site na usoro:
\[
\tau = R \ugboro C
\]
Ebe:
– \( \tau \) bụ ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe oge
– \( R \) bụ nguzogide dị na ohms (Ω)
– \(C \) bụ ikike dị na farads (F)
\[
\tau = 10 \ugboro 10^3 \ugboro 20 \ugboro 10^{-6} = 0.2 s
\]
Ya mere, oge achọrọ maka capacitor iji chajịa ruo 63% nke voltaji kachasị bụ 0.2 sekọnd.
Mmechi
Ịkọwa nsogbu capacitor bụ nzọụkwụ dị mkpa n'ịghọta echiche na ojiji nke capacitors na sekit eletrọniki dị iche iche. Site na ịgbakọ chajị, ike, ike zuru oke na sekit usoro na parallel, ruo na arụmọrụ nke dielectrics na capacitors, nsogbu ihe atụ ọ bụla na-enye nghọta miri emi banyere otu capacitors si arụ ọrụ. Olileanya, nsogbu ihe atụ ndị a ga-enyere gị aka ịmụta ma ghọtakwuo gbasara capacitors.
