Ajụjụ na Mkparịta ụka gbasara Arrhenius Acids na Bases
Asịd na ntọala bụ echiche dị mkpa na kemistri. Otu n'ime echiche ndị a ma ama iji kọwaa omume nke asịd na ntọala bụ ozizi Arrhenius. Dịka Arrhenius si kwuo, asịd bụ ngwakọta nke, mgbe agbazere na mmiri, na-emepụta ion H⁺ (ma ọ bụ H₃O⁺), ebe ntọala bụ ngwakọta nke, mgbe agbazere na mmiri, na-emepụta ion OH⁻. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-atụle ọtụtụ nsogbu gbasara asịd na ntọala dịka ozizi Arrhenius si dị, yana ngwọta ha.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 1
Ajụjụ:
A na-agbaze mmiri hydrochloric acid (HCl) nke dị 0,1 M n'ime mmiri. Gbakọọ mkpokọta ion H⁺ dị na mmiri ahụ.
Azịza:
Dịka ozizi Arrhenius si kwuo, HCl bụ asịd n'ihi na ọ na-emepụta ion H⁺ mgbe agbazere na mmiri. Usoro nhazi ionization maka HCl na mmiri bụ dịka ndị a:
\[ \ederede{HCl} \to \ederede{H}^+ + \ederede{Cl}^- \]
Mbido HCl bụ 0,1 M. Ebe ọ bụ na HCl bụ asịd siri ike nke na-agbanwe kpamkpam na mmiri mmiri, molekul HCl ọ bụla ga-emepụta otu ion H⁺ na otu ion Cl⁻. Ya mere, mkpụkọ ion H⁺ dị na mmiri ahụ hà nhata na mkpụkọ HCl, ya bụ:
\[ [\text{H}^+] = 0,1 \text{M} \]
Ya mere, ntinye nke ion H⁺ na ngwọta HCl 0,1 M bụ 0,1 M.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 2
Ajụjụ:
Gbakọọ pH nke mmiri nitric acid (HNO₃) nke 0,01 M.
Azịza:
HNO₃ bụ asịd siri ike nke na-agbanwe kpamkpam n'ime mmiri, yabụ nha nha ionization maka HNO₃ bụ dịka ndị a:
\[ \ederede{HNO}_3 \to \ederede{H}^+ + \ederede{NO}_3^- \]
Ọnụọgụ HNO₃ enyere bụ 0,01 M. Ebe ọ bụ na HNO₃ bụ asịd siri ike, molekul ọ bụla nke HNO₃ ga-emepụta otu ion H⁺. Ya mere, ntinye nke ion H⁺ dị na ngwọta ahụ hà nhata ntinye nke HNO₃, ya bụ:
\[ [\text{H}^+] = 0,01 \text{M} \]
Enwere ike ịgbakọ pH site na iji usoro a:
\[ \ederede{pH} = -\log [\ederede{H}^+] \]
Site na itinye mkpokọta nke ion H⁺ n'ime usoro ahụ, anyị na-enweta:
\[ \text{pH} = -\log (0,01) = -\log (10^{-2}) = 2 \]
Ya mere, pH nke ngwọta 0,01 M HNO₃ bụ 2.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 3
Ajụjụ:
Chọpụta njupụta nke ion OH⁻ na mmiri NaOH nke 0,05 M.
Azịza:
NaOH bụ ntọala siri ike nke na-agbanwe kpamkpam na mmiri, yabụ nha nha ionization maka NaOH bụ dịka ndị a:
\[ \text{NaOH} \to \text{Na}^+ + \ederede{OH}^- \]
Ọnụọgụ NaOH enyere bụ 0,05 M. Ebe ọ bụ na NaOH bụ ntọala siri ike, molekul NaOH ọ bụla ga-emepụta otu ion OH⁻. Ya mere, ntinye nke ion OH⁻ dị na ngwọta ahụ hà nhata ntinye nke NaOH, ya bụ:
\[ [\text{OH}^-] = 0,05 \text{ M} \]
Ya mere, ntinye nke ion OH⁻ na ngwọta NaOH nke 0,05 M bụ 0,05 M.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 4
Ajụjụ:
Gbakọọ pH nke ihe ngwọta KOH nke 0,01 M.
Azịza:
KOH bụ ntọala siri ike nke na-agbanwe ion kpamkpam n'ime mmiri. Usoro ionization maka KOH na mmiri bụ dịka ndị a:
\[ \ederede{KOH} \to \ederede{K}^+ + \ederede{OH}^- \]
Ntinye KOH enyere bụ 0,01 M. Ebe ọ bụ na KOH bụ ntọala siri ike, molekul KOH ọ bụla ga-emepụta otu ion OH⁻. Ya mere, ntinye nke ion OH⁻ dị na ngwọta ahụ hà nhata ntinye nke KOH, ya bụ:
\[ [\text{OH}^-] = 0,01 \text{ M} \]
pH bụ ihe nha nke mkpokọta ion H⁺ na mmiri. Anyị nwere ike iji mmekọrịta dị n'etiti pH, ion H⁺, na ion OH⁻ nke ngwaahịa ion mmiri (Kw) nyere:
\[ \ederede{Kw} = [\ederede{H}^+][\ederede{OH}^-] = 1 \ugboro 10^{-14} \]
Ebe anyị maara uru nke [OH⁻], anyị nwere ike ịgbakọ [H⁺]:
\[ [\text{H}^+] = \frac{\text{Kw}}{[\text{OH}^-]} = \frac{1 \times 10^{-14}}{0,01} = 1 \times 10^{-12} \text{ M} \]
Enwere ike ịgbakọ pH site na iji usoro a:
\[ \ederede{pH} = -\log [\ederede{H}^+] \]
Site na itinye mkpokọta nke ion H⁺ n'ime usoro ahụ, anyị na-enweta:
\[ \text{pH} = -\log (1 \ugboro 10^{-12}) = 12 \]
Ya mere, pH nke ngwọta 0,01 M KOH bụ 12.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 5
Ajụjụ:
Ngwọta nwere pH = 3. Gbakọọ mkpokọta nke ion H⁺ dị na ngwọta ahụ.
Azịza:
pH bụ ihe nha nke mkpokọta ion H⁺ na ngwọta ma enwere ike igosipụta ya site na usoro a:
\[ \ederede{pH} = -\log [\ederede{H}^+] \]
Iji gbakọọ njupụta nke ion H⁺, anyị na-agbanwe usoro ahụ ka ọ bụrụ:
\[ [\text{H}^+] = 10^{-\text{pH}} \]
Site na itinye pH na ihe mejupụtara ya, anyị na-enweta:
\[ [\text{H}^+] = 10^{-3} = 0,001 \text{ M} \]
Ya mere, ntinye nke ion H⁺ na ngwọta nwere pH = 3 bụ 0,001 M.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 6
Ajụjụ:
Ngwọta NH₄OH nwere mkpokọta nke 0,1 M. Gbakọọ pH nke ngwọta ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na uru Kb maka NH₄OH bụ 1,8 x 10⁻⁵.
Azịza:
NH₄OH bụ ntọala na-adịghị ike nke na-anaghị agbaze ion kpamkpam na mmiri. Usoro ionization maka NH₄OH na mmiri bụ dịka ndị a:
\[ \text{NH}_4\text{OH} \leftrightarrow \text{NH}_4^+ + \text{OH}^- \]
A na-akpọ Kb, ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe maka ionization nke NH₄OH, ma e nyere ya site na:
\[ K_b = \frac{[\text{NH}_4^+][\text{OH}^-]}{[\text{NH}_4\text{OH}} \]
Ebe ọ bụ na NH₄OH bụ ntọala na-adịghị ike, anyị na-eji Kb agbakọọ mkpokọta nke ion OH⁻. Ọ bụrụ na \(x\) bụ mkpokọta nke NH₄OH nke ionized, nhazi ionization na-aghọ:
\[ K_b = \frac{x^2}{0,1 – x} \approx \frac{x^2}{0,1} \]
Ebe ọ bụ na uru Kb dị obere nke ukwuu, anyị na-eche na \(0,1 – x \ihe dị ka 0,1\):
\[ 1,8 \ugboro 10^{-5} = \frac{x^2}{0,1} \]
\[ x^2 = 1,8 \ugboro 10^{-6} \]
\[ x = \sqrt{1,8 \ugboro 10^{-6}} \]
\[ x \ihe dị ka 1,34 \ugboro 10^{-3} \ederede{ M} \]
Ya mere, njupụta nke ion OH⁻ bụ \(1,34 \ugboro 10^{-3} \text{ M}\).
Site na njupụta a, anyị nwere ike ịgbakọ njupụta nke ion H⁺ site na iji Kw:
\[ [\text{H}^+] = \frac{1 \ugboro 10^{-14}}{1,34 \ugboro 10^{-3}} \]
\[ [\text{H}^+] = 7,46 \ugboro 10^{-12} \text{ M} \]
pH:
\[ \text{pH} = -\log (7,46 \ugboro 10^{-12}) \]
\[ \ederede{pH} \ihe dịka 11,13 \]
Ya mere, pH nke ihe ngwọta 0,1 M NH₄OH bụ ihe dịka 11,13.
Mmechi
Ozizi Arrhenius na-enye ntọala bara uru maka ịghọta otu asịd na ntọala si arụ ọrụ na ngwọta. Na mkparịta ụka a, anyị elelela ọtụtụ nsogbu atụ nke na-egosi otu esi eji echiche ndị a agbakọọ mkpokọta nke ion H⁺ na OH⁻ na pH nke ngwọta dị iche iche. Ịghọta ozizi a dị oke mkpa maka onye ọ bụla na-achọ ọrụ na kemistri, ma ọ bụ na ọkwa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ma ọ bụ agụmakwụkwọ ka elu.
