Ihe atụ nke Ajụjụ Mkparịta ụka gbasara Nrụgide Osmotic nke Ngwọta
Pendahuluan
Nrụgide Osmotic bụ ihe dị mkpa na kemistri na bayoloji. Ọ bụ nrụgide achọrọ iji gbochie mmiri na-asọfe n'ofe akpụkpọ ahụ nke nwere ike ịgafe site na ngwọta nke obere ntinye ruo na ngwọta nke nnukwu ntinye. Ịghọta nrụgide osmotic dị oke mkpa n'ọtụtụ ojiji, dị ka usoro bayoloji na mkpụrụ ndụ, ọgwụgwọ mmiri, na nhazi ọgwụ. Iji kọwaa echiche a nke ọma, anyị ga-atụle ọtụtụ ihe atụ nsogbu na ngwọta metụtara nrụgide osmotic nke ngwọta.
Ajụjụ nke 1: Ịgbakọ Nrụgide Osmotic nke Ngwọta Shuga
Ajụjụ:
A na-agbaze gram abụọ nke sucrose (C12H22O11) n'ime mmiri iji mee olu nke 500 mL. Kedu nrụgide osmotic nke mmiri a na 25°C? (Jiri R = 0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1 na molar mass nke sucrose = 342 g/mol).
Azịza:
1. Gbakọọ molarity nke ngwọta ahụ:
Molarity (M) = \( \dfrac{\text{Ọnụọgụ nke mole nke solute}}{\text{Olu nke ngwọta na lita}} \)
Ọnụọgụ nke mole nke sucrose = \( \dfrac{2 \text{ g}}{342 \text{ g/mol}} \) = 0.00585 mol
Olu mmiri = 500 mL = 0.5 L
Molarity (M) = \( \dfrac{0.00585 \text{ mol}}{0.5 \text{ L}} \) = 0.0117 M
2. Ịgbakọ nrụgide osmotic:
Nrụgide Osmotic (π) = MRT
Ebe:
M = 0.0117 mol/L
R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1
T = 25°C = 298 K (n'ihi na okpomọkụ ga-adịrịrị na Kelvin)
π = (0.0117 mol/L) (0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1) (298 K)
π = 0.286 atm
Ya mere, nrụgide osmotic nke ngwọta sucrose bụ 0.286 atm.
Ajụjụ nke 2: Nrụgide Osmotic nke Ngwọta Electrolyte
Ajụjụ:
Kedu ihe bụ nrụgide osmotic nke ihe ngwọta NaCl nwere mkpokọta nke 0.2 M na okpomọkụ nke 27°C? (A maara na NaCl bụ electrolyte nke na-ekewa kpamkpam na Na+ na Cl- na R = 0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)
Azịza:
1. Gbakọọ ọkwa nkewapụ:
NaCl → Na+ + Cl-
Ebe ọ bụ na NaCl kewapụrụ onwe ya kpamkpam, ọnụọgụgụ ihe ndị dị na mmiri ahụ bụ okpukpu abụọ nke moles nke NaCl.
Ọnụọgụgụ ihe ndị dị n'ime ya = 2 × ọnụọgụ nke mole nke NaCl
2. Ịgbakọ nrụgide osmotic:
Nrụgide Osmotic (π) = iMRT
Ebe:
i = 2 (n'ihi na e nwere ụdị ion abụọ, Na+ na Cl-)
M = 0.2 mol/L
R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1
T = 27°C = 300 K
π = (2) (0.2 mol/L) (0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1) (300 K)
π = 9.852 atm
Ya mere, nrụgide osmotic nke ihe ngwọta NaCl nke 0.2 M na 27°C bụ 9.852 atm.
Ajụjụ nke 3: Nrụgide Osmotic na Ngwọta Glucose na Fructose
Ajụjụ:
A na-eme ihe ngwọta site n'ịgbaze otu mole glucose (C6H12O6) na otu mole fructose (C6H12O6) n'ime lita mmiri 1. Kedu ka nrụgide osmotic nke ihe ngwọta ahụ si dị na 37°C? (Jiri R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1)
Azịza:
1. Gbakọọ ọnụọgụgụ dum nke mole:
Ọnụọgụ mole niile = mole glucose 1 + mole fructose 1 = mole abụọ
2. Ịgbakọ nrụgide osmotic:
Nrụgide Osmotic (π) = MRT
Ebe:
M = 2 mol/L (n'ihi na enwere mkpokọta moles abụọ na 1 lita mmiri)
R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1
T = 37°C = 310 K
π = (2 mol/L) (0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1) (310 K)
π = 50.942 atm
Ya mere, nrụgide osmotic nke ihe ngwọta nwere 1 mole nke glucose na 1 mole nke fructose na 1 lita mmiri na 37°C bụ 50.942 atm.
Ajụjụ nke 4: Ngwakọta nke ihe abụọ na-abụghị elektrọlitị
Ajụjụ:
Kedu ihe bụ nrụgide osmotic nke ngwakọta nke nwere 0.5 mol nke urea (CO(NH2)2) na 0.5 mol nke ethanol (C2H5OH) na lita 1 nke mmiri na 20°C? (R = 0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)
Azịza:
1. Gbakọọ ọnụọgụgụ dum nke moles dị na ngwọta ahụ:
Ọnụọgụgụ dum nke moles = 0.5 mol urea + 0.5 mol ethanol = 1 mol
2. Ịgbakọ nrụgide osmotic:
Nrụgide Osmotic (π) = MRT
Ebe:
M = 1 mol/L (n'ihi na enwere mkpokọta moles abụọ na 1 lita mmiri)
R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1
T = 20°C = 293 K
π = (1 mol/L) (0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1) (293 K)
π = 24.0633 atm
Ya mere, nrụgide osmotic nke ngwakọta nwere 0.5 mol nke urea na 0.5 mol nke ethanol na 1 lita mmiri na 20°C bụ 24.0633 atm.
Mmechi
Site na nsogbu ihe atụ dị n'elu, anyị nwere ike ịghọta otu esi agbakọ nrụgide osmotic n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche. Ihe ndị dị ka ntinye ngwọta, ụdị solute (electrolyte ma ọ bụ nke na-abụghị electrolyte), na okpomọkụ na-emetụta nrụgide osmotic. Nyocha mgbakọ na mwepụ dị n'azụ nrụgide osmotic na-adabere na ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke iwu gas zuru oke nyere. Site na nghọta dị mma nke echiche a, anyị nwere ike itinye ya n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche bara uru na kemistri na bayoloji.
