Cov Khoom Siv Kuaj Network
Hauv ntiaj teb ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis, cov khoos phis tawj network yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv - los ntawm kev nkag mus rau hauv internet hauv chaw ua haujlwm, kev sib txuas ntawm cov servers hauv cov chaw khaws ntaub ntawv, mus rau cov wireless networks hauv tsev. Thaum lub network ua tsis raug, qhov cuam tshuam tuaj yeem loj heev: kev pabcuam qeeb, kev tsis ua haujlwm ntawm daim ntawv thov, kev nkag mus rau cov kab ke tseem ceeb, thiab txawm tias kev poob lag luam. Yog li ntawd, kev sim network yog ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb los xyuas kom meej tias lub network ruaj khov, ruaj ntseg, thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo. Kev sim zoo tsis yog tsuas yog hais txog "pinging," tab sis kuj ntsuas qhov ua tau zoo, zoo, ruaj khov, thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov khoom siv xa xov. Yuav kom ua tiav tag nrho cov no, xav tau cov khoom siv sim network zoo.
Vim li cas thiaj xav tau cov khoom siv kuaj network?
Kev tsis ua haujlwm ntawm lub network tuaj yeem los ntawm ntau qhov chaw: cov xov hlau puas lawm, cov khoom sib txuas xoob, kev cuam tshuam Wi-Fi, kev teeb tsa cov khoom siv tsis raug, qhov tsis muaj qhov, tsis muaj peev xwm txuas tau txaus, thiab txawm tias muaj kev tawm tsam lossis kev teeb tsa xau. Yog tsis muaj cov cuab yeej zoo, cov kws kho tshuab feem ntau yuav tsum kwv yees qhov ua rau. Cov khoom siv kuaj mob pab nrog kev kuaj mob raws li cov ntaub ntawv: nrhiav cov teeb meem, kho kom sai dua, thiab tiv thaiv kev rov tshwm sim. Dhau li ntawm kev daws teeb meem, cov khoom siv kuaj mob kuj tseem ceeb rau kev teeb tsa thawj zaug, kev tshuaj xyuas network, kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw ntawm cov khoom siv, daim ntawv pov thawj cable, thiab kev kuaj xyuas kev ua raws li cov qauv.
Cov Khoom Siv Kuaj Network
Feem ntau, cov khoom siv kuaj network tuaj yeem muab faib ua ntau pawg: cov khoom siv kuaj lub cev (cov cables thiab cov connectors), cov khoom siv ntsuas kev ua haujlwm ntawm network, cov khoom siv tshuaj xyuas pob ntawv, cov khoom siv kuaj Wi-Fi, thiab cov khoom siv txhawb nqa xws li cov tshuab tsim suab thiab cov khoom siv saib xyuas. Nov yog kev piav qhia.
1) LAN Cable Tester
Lub tshuab ntsuas kab hlau LAN yog ib qho cuab yeej yooj yim tab sis tseem ceeb heev. Nws siv los xyuas qhov sib txuas ntawm UTP/STP (RJ45) lossis xov tooj (RJ11) cov kab hlau thiab xyuas kom meej tias daim ntawv qhia xov hlau ua raws li cov qauv T568A lossis T568B. Nrog lub tshuab ntsuas kab hlau, cov kws kho tshuab tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas qhov qhib, luv, tsis sib txuas, tig rov qab, lossis sib cais, uas feem ntau ua rau muaj teeb meem ceev thiab yuam kev txawm tias qhov kev sib txuas zoo li "txuas nrog."
Cov cuab yeej kuaj cable muaj ntau yam los ntawm cov yooj yim (cov cim LED xwb) mus rau cov uas nyuaj dua, muaj peev xwm ntsuas qhov ntev ntawm cable raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov teeb liab (TDR yooj yim) thiab ntes qhov zoo ntawm crimping. Rau cov chaw ua haujlwm lossis cov chaw teeb tsa network me me, cov cuab yeej kuaj cable yooj yim feem ntau txaus. Txawm li cas los xij, rau cov chaw uas xav tau qhov zoo, cov cuab yeej uas txhawb nqa kev kuaj xyuas kom ntxaws ntxiv yog qhov pab tau.
2) Cable Certifier (Cable Certification)
Tsis zoo li lub tshuab kuaj cable ib txwm muaj, lub tshuab kuaj cable siv los xyuas kom meej tias kev teeb tsa cable ua tau raws li cov qauv tshwj xeeb, xws li Cat5e, Cat6, lossis Cat6A. Cov cuab yeej no kuaj cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb xws li kev txo qis (kev poob), NEXT (Near-End Crosstalk), FEXT, kev poob rov qab, kev ncua qeeb, thiab lwm yam yam ntxwv uas cuam tshuam rau lub peev xwm ntawm cable los nqa cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov ceev ceev. Qhov tshwm sim feem ntau yog daim ntawv qhia "PASS/FAIL", uas tuaj yeem siv ua daim ntawv xa mus rau kev teeb tsa.
Hauv cov haujlwm loj xws li cov tsev ua haujlwm, cov tsev kawm ntawv, lossis cov chaw khaws ntaub ntawv, cov neeg lees paub cable yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias lawv pab ua kom lub network zoo mus ntev. Txawm hais tias kim heev, cov txiaj ntsig zoo tsim nyog, vim tias lawv txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev cuam tshuam los ntawm kev teeb tsa cable tsis zoo.
3) Lub Tshuab Tsim Suab thiab Soj Ntsuam (Cable Tracker)
Thaum ua haujlwm hauv chav server lossis patch panel uas muaj ntau cov cables, kev nrhiav qhov kawg kom raug yuav yog qhov nyuaj. Lub tshuab tsim suab xa lub teeb liab suab mus rau hauv lub cable, tom qab ntawd siv lub probe los "mloog" thiab taug qab lub cable hauv lub bundle lossis patch panel. Cov cuab yeej no zoo heev rau kev txheeb xyuas cov cables yam tsis tas yuav tsum rho lawv tawm ib qho zuj zus lossis ua qhov kev sim random.
Cov tshuab tsim suab kuj tseem muaj txiaj ntsig thaum cov ntaub ntawv cable tsis meej. Txoj kev no tso cai rau cov kws kho tshuab taug qab cov kab cable los ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm mus rau lub vaj huam sib luag patch sai dua thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb dua.
4) Multimeter thiab PoE Voltage Tester
Ib lub multimeter (AVO meter) yog ib lub cuab yeej siv tau ntau yam los ntsuas qhov voltage, tam sim no, thiab resistance. Hauv kev sib txuas lus hauv network, multimeters feem ntau siv los xyuas cov adapters, cov khoom siv fais fab, kev sib txuas hauv av, lossis kom ntseeg tau tias tsis muaj teeb meem hluav taws xob cuam tshuam rau cov khoom siv network.
Lub caij no, lub PoE tester siv los xyuas kom meej tias cov chaw nres nkoj hloov pauv muab Fais Fab hla Ethernet raws li cov qauv (piv txwv li, 802.3af / at / bt), nrog rau ntsuas qhov hluav taws xob thiab hom fais fab. Qhov no tseem ceeb rau cov khoom siv xws li cov chaw nkag mus, xov tooj IP, thiab CCTV koob yees duab, vim tias PoE fais fab mov tsis ua haujlwm tuaj yeem tshwm sim ua "network outages" thaum qhov chaw yog qhov teeb meem fais fab.
5) Tus Neeg Kuaj Xyuas/Tus Neeg Txheeb Xyuas Network (Tus Neeg Kuaj Xyuas Kev Sib Txuas Network)
Cov cuab yeej no tsom mus rau kev txheeb xyuas kev sib txuas hauv network ntau dua li cov cables xwb. Qee cov neeg sim network tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas qhov ceev ntawm qhov txuas (10/100/1000/2.5G), nrhiav DHCP, sim gateways, ua ping, traceroute, sim DNS, thiab txawm tias tso saib IP address thiab VLAN cov ntaub ntawv. Nrog ib lub cuab yeej xwb, cov kws kho tshuab tuaj yeem txiav txim siab seb qhov teeb meem nyob nrog lub cev txheej, IP configuration, lossis network routing.
Tus neeg txheeb xyuas network muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov kws kho tshuab hauv thaj chaw uas npog ntau qhov chaw, vim tias cov cuab yeej no ua kom cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kuaj xyuas yooj yim sai dua yam tsis tas yuav nqa lub laptop thiab ntau lub adapters.
6) Cov Khoom Siv Ntsuas Pob Khoom/Cov Txheej Txheem Tshuaj Xyuas
Rau cov teeb meem nyuaj dua—xws li cov ntawv thov qeeb, kev xa rov qab ntau, lossis kev tawm tsam uas xav tias muaj—cov cuab yeej sniffer pob ntawv xws li Wireshark (software) lossis cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb analyzers tuaj yeem pab ntes thiab tshuaj xyuas cov tsheb khiav. Kev tshuaj xyuas pob ntawv tso cai rau cov kws tshaj lij pom cov ntsiab lus sib txuas lus: TCP handshakes, DNS thov, TLS yuam kev, IP tsis sib haum xeeb, kev tshaj tawm ntau dhau, thiab txawm tias cov cim qhia ntawm malware.
Txawm hais tias muaj ntau lub cuab yeej ntes pob ntawv siv software los ntes, tab sis nyob rau hauv qee qhov chaw muaj cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb (network taps, capture appliances) siv kom cov pob ntawv ntes tsis cuam tshuam rau lub network thiab tuaj yeem ntes cov tsheb khiav ceev ceev tau ruaj khov.
7) Wi-Fi Analyzer thiab Site Survey Tool
Cov tes hauj lwm wireless muaj lawv tus kheej cov teeb meem tshwj xeeb: cov teeb liab raug cuam tshuam los ntawm phab ntsa, kev cuam tshuam, qhov deb, thiab qhov ceev ntawm cov neeg siv. Lub cuab yeej ntsuas Wi-Fi pab kos duab lub zog teeb liab (RSSI), qib suab nrov, kev siv channel, thiab txheeb xyuas cov channel uas muaj neeg coob coob. Nrog rau cov cuab yeej no, cov kws kho tshuab tuaj yeem txiav txim siab cov channel zoo tshaj plaws, ntsuas qhov zoo ntawm kev roaming, thiab txheeb xyuas cov chaw cuam tshuam.
Ib lub cuab yeej tshawb nrhiav qhov chaw (khoom siv lossis software) siv los tsim thiab txheeb xyuas qhov chaw nkag mus rau hauv ib cheeb tsam. Qhov tshwm sim yog daim ntawv qhia kub uas qhia txog thaj chaw muaj teeb liab muaj zog thiab tsis muaj zog. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov tsev siab, tsev rau khoom, tsev so, lossis tsev kawm ntawv kom ntseeg tau tias Wi-Fi npog thiab muaj peev xwm txaus.
8) iPerf thiab Cov Cuab Yeej Ntsuas Throughput
Kev ntsuas qhov ceev ntawm lub network tsis txaus los cia siab rau kev sim ceev hauv internet xwb, vim tias kev sim ceev raug cuam tshuam los ntawm cov servers pej xeem thiab kev sib txuas ntawm ISP. Txhawm rau sim cov khoom siv sab hauv, iPerf (software) feem ntau siv. Nrog iPerf, cov kws kho tshuab tuaj yeem ntsuas TCP / UDP bandwidth, jitter, packet loss, thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm ob qho chaw ntawm lub network hauv zos lossis ntawm VPN sites.
Ntawm qhov ntsuas lag luam, muaj cov khoom siv tsim tsheb khiav uas tuaj yeem ua qauv ntau txhiab lub rooj sib tham thiab cov khoom thauj tsheb tshwj xeeb los sim lub peev xwm ntawm cov firewalls, routers, lossis load balancers ua ntej siv ntau lawm.
9) Cov Khoom Siv Kuaj OTDR thiab Fiber Optic
Rau cov tes hauj lwm fiber-optic, cov khoom siv txawv. Ib qho OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) yog siv los ntsuas qhov attenuation, nrhiav cov ntsiab lus tawg, kev sib txuas tsis zoo, lossis khoov hauv cov kab fiber. Ntxiv rau OTDR, muaj cov ntsuas hluav taws xob optical thiab cov teeb pom kev zoo los ntsuas qhov poob kawg-rau-kawg thiab xyuas kom meej tias qhov txuas optical nyob hauv nws cov peev nyiaj hluav taws xob.
Cov khoom siv kuaj fiber yog qhov tseem ceeb heev vim tias cov teeb meem fiber feem ntau tsis pom. Kev kuaj xyuas kom zoo pab ua kom lub network backbone lossis kev sib txuas ntawm cov tsev ua haujlwm zoo.
10) Kev Saib Xyuas thiab Kev Sau Npe (NMS)
Kev kuaj tsis yog hais txog teeb meem xwb. Cov txheej txheem saib xyuas network xws li NMS (Network Monitoring Systems) pab taug qab qhov muaj (uptime), latency, kev siv bandwidth, qhov yuam kev interface, qhov kub ntawm cov khoom siv, thiab cov qauv tsheb khiav. Nrog kev saib xyuas zoo, cov pab pawg tuaj yeem ntes tau cov tsos mob ua ntej lawv dhau los ua qhov tsis ua haujlwm. NMSs feem ntau siv SNMP, syslog, NetFlow/sFlow, thiab kev ceeb toom.
Txawm hais tias tsis yog ib txwm yog "cuab yeej siv lub cev," kev saib xyuas yog "cuab yeej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws" hauv kev ua haujlwm vim nws hloov kev daws teeb meem los ntawm kev teb sai mus rau kev ua ntej.
Cov Lus Qhia rau Kev Xaiv Cov Khoom Siv Kuaj Network
Ua ntej, phim cov cuab yeej kom haum rau koj cov kev xav tau: rau kev teeb tsa chaw ua haujlwm me me, lub tshuab ntsuas cable thiab lub suab probe tej zaum yuav txaus. Rau ib qho project tsev, xav txog lub tshuab lees paub cable. Qhov thib ob, xav txog hom xov xwm: tooj liab, fiber, lossis Wi-Fi xav tau cov cuab yeej sib txawv. Qhov thib peb, xav txog cov ntaub ntawv sau cia: ib lub cuab yeej uas tuaj yeem khaws cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev xeem thiab cov ntawv qhia xa tawm yuav pab tau zoo heev rau kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev xa khoom. Qhov thib plaub, xav txog kev yooj yim ntawm kev siv thiab kev txhawb nqa tom qab muag, vim tias cov khoom siv xeem feem ntau siv hauv thaj teb nyob rau hauv ntau yam xwm txheej.
Kev kaw
Cov khoom siv kuaj network yog ib qho kev nqis peev tseem ceeb heev kom ntseeg tau tias muaj network txhim khu kev qha, ceev, thiab ruaj ntseg. Txij li cov khoom siv kuaj cable yooj yim thiab cov neeg lees paub zoo txog kev teeb tsa, cov khoom siv ntsuas cable, cov khoom siv kuaj PoE, cov khoom siv ntsuas pob ntawv, mus rau cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb Wi-Fi thiab fiber - txhua yam ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev ua kom txhua txheej ntawm lub network ua haujlwm raws li cov qauv. Nrog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov cuab yeej thiab cov txheej txheem kuaj uas muaj kev qhuab qhia, kev daws teeb meem sai dua, lub sijhawm tsis ua haujlwm raug txo qis, thiab qhov zoo ntawm kev pabcuam network tau zoo dua. Yog tias lub network yog "kev loj" ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, ces cov khoom siv kuaj yog "cuab yeej tshuaj xyuas" uas ua kom ntseeg tau tias txoj kev tseem hla tau.
