Keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm ntawm Julian Calendar
Daim ntawv qhia hnub yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom tsim tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej. Yog tsis muaj lub kaw lus daim ntawv qhia hnub uas muaj kev cai, cov zej zog yuav muaj teeb meem los npaj cov caij cog qoob loo, kev ua ub ua no ntawm kev ntseeg, kev lag luam, thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm tsoomfwv. Ntawm ntau lub kaw lus daim ntawv qhia hnub uas tau siv, daim ntawv qhia hnub Julian tuav lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb, ua lub hauv paus rau daim ntawv qhia hnub Western rau ntau tshaj ib txhiab xyoo thiab tseem siv niaj hnub no hauv qee cov kab lig kev cai. Tsab xov xwm no tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub Julian, nws keeb kwm, nws ua haujlwm li cas, thiab nws tau hloov pauv li cas los ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub Gregorian.
Tom Qab: Qhov Chaos ntawm Roman Calendar
Ua ntej Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub tau pib siv, cov neeg Loos tau siv lub tshuab ua hnub uas tau hloov kho ntau zaus, feem ntau yog vim muaj kev nom kev tswv. Lub sijhawm pib siv lub hli Loos, yog li ntawd lub sijhawm ntawm ib xyoos tsis sib xws nrog lub voj voog ntawm lub caij. Thaum tsis tau hloov kho cov kev suav hli tas li, lub caij cog qoob loo tuaj yeem poob qis dua hnub tim ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub. Txhawm rau kho qhov kev hloov pauv no, cov neeg Loos tau ntxiv cov hlis sib xyaw, tab sis qhov kev coj ua no tsis sib xws thiab feem ntau raug hloov kho.
Thaum lub sijhawm Roman Republic, kev ntxiv ib lub hlis intercalary tuaj yeem siv los txuas lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm qee tus thawj coj lossis ncua kev xaiv tsa. Yog li ntawd, daim ntawv qhia hnub tau dhau los ua qhov tsis ntseeg tau. Los ntawm xyoo pua 1st BC, qhov kev tsis meej pem no tau mus txog qhov tseem ceeb: cov hnub tim raug cai tsis sib xws nrog lub caij tiag tiag. Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, kev hloov kho daim ntawv qhia hnub tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj hwm lub xeev thiab kev txiav txim siab hauv zej zog.
Julius Caesar thiab Kev Hloov Kho Tshiab Loj
Cov kev hloov pauv no tau los ntawm Gaius Julius Caesar. Tom qab koom nrog ntau yam kev ua tub rog thiab kev nom kev tswv, Caesar tau txais hwj chim loj heev hauv Loos. Xyoo 46 BC, ua tus thawj coj loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev ntseeg Loos thiab tus kav tebchaws, nws muaj cai hloov kho lub kaw lus hnub.
Caesar tsis tau ua haujlwm ib leeg xwb. Nws tau txais kev pab los ntawm ib tug kws tshawb fawb txog hnub qub los ntawm Alexandria, tebchaws Iziv, hu ua Sosigenes. Alexandria yog ib lub chaw kawm thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, thiab cov kev lig kev cai ntawm cov neeg Iziv tau muaj keeb kwm ntev ntawm kev siv daim ntawv qhia hnub ci. Tsis zoo li daim ntawv qhia hnub hli, uas vam khom cov theem ntawm lub hli, daim ntawv qhia hnub ci sib phim qhov kev suav xyoo nrog qhov kev txav ntawm lub hnub, uas txiav txim siab lub caij.
Caesar txoj kev hloov pauv tau hloov lub nroog Loos mus rau lub hnub ci, tiv thaiv lub caij thiab hnub tsis txhob hloov pauv tas li. Qhov no yog lub cim ntawm Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub yug.
Xyoo ntawm Kev Tsis Sib Haum Xeeb: "Xyoo ntawm Kev Tsis Sib Haum Xeeb" (46 BC)
Ua ntej daim ntawv qhia hnub tshiab yuav siv tau tag nrho, Caesar yuav tsum "hloov kho" daim ntawv qhia hnub, uas tau poob qis heev. Xyoo 46 BC hu ua annus confusionis, lossis "xyoo ntawm kev tsis meej pem," vim nws ntev tsis zoo. Txhawm rau rov qab sib haum xeeb nrog lub caij, Caesar ntxiv ntau hnub ntxiv - qee cov ntaub ntawv hais tias xyoo ntawd muaj li ntawm 445 hnub. Qhov kev ncua sij hawm no yog qhov tsim nyog kom xyoo tom ntej tuaj yeem pib nrog daim ntawv qhia hnub tshiab, ruaj khov dua.
Pib xyoo 45 BC, daim ntawv qhia hnub Julian tau raug siv ua tiav.
Yuav ua li cas Julian Calendar Ua Haujlwm
Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub teem cov cai yooj yim:
1. Lub xyoo ntev yog 365 hnub.
2. Txhua 4 xyoos, yuav muaj 1 hnub ntxiv (xyoo leap), ua rau nws muaj 366 hnub.
Hauv lwm lo lus, qhov nruab nrab ntawm ib xyoos hauv Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub yog 365,25 hnub.
Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, daim ntawv qhia hnub Julian kuj tau hloov kho qhov ntev ntawm cov hlis raws li peb paub lawv: qee lub hlis muaj 30 hnub, qee lub 31 hnub, thiab Lub Ob Hlis yog lub luv tshaj plaws. Cov kev lig kev cai nrov qhia txog Augustus thiab Julius "sib ntaus" rau qhov ntev ntawm cov hlis (piv txwv li, Lub Yim Hli tau muab 31 hnub), tab sis cov ntsiab lus no feem ntau yog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov lus dab neeg thiab kev yooj yim keeb kwm. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias lub hnub tim Roman lub hli tau raug teeb tsa tus qauv tom qab, ua rau nws yooj yim dua rau kev siv hauv kev tswj hwm.
Teeb Meem Zais Cia: Qhov txawv nrog Tropical Year
Txawm hais tias daim ntawv qhia hnub Julian zoo nkauj dua li daim ntawv qhia hnub Roman yav dhau los, nws tseem muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Lub xyoo sov (lub sijhawm ntev npaum li cas rau lub ntiaj teb rov qab mus rau tib qho chaw piv rau lub caij, kwv yees li ntawm equinox mus rau equinox) yog li ntawm 365,2422 hnub, tsis yog 365,25 hnub.
Qhov sib txawv zoo li me me xwb: kwv yees li 0,0078 hnub hauv ib xyoos, lossis kwv yees li 11 feeb thiab 14 vib nas this. Tab sis dhau lub sijhawm ntev, cov kev sib txawv no sib ntxiv. Yog li ntawd, Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub rov qab mus txog ib hnub txhua 128 xyoo piv rau lub caij. Tau ntau pua xyoo, hnub ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav equinox - uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev xam hnub caiv kev ntseeg - hloov pauv ntxiv thiab ntxiv.
Lub Luag Haujlwm ntawm Julian Calendar hauv Lub Ntiaj Teb Christian
Daim ntawv qhia hnub Julian tau muaj hwj chim heev thaum lub tebchaws Loos tau hloov pauv thiab kev ntseeg Vajtswv tau nthuav dav. Daim ntawv qhia hnub ntawm pawg ntseeg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog kev txiav txim siab ntawm Easter, tau vam khom qhov chaw ntawm lub equinox thiab theem ntawm lub hli. Piv txwv li, Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Nicaea hauv 325 AD, tau tsim cov lus qhia rau kev xam Easter los ntawm kev xa mus rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav equinox.
Thaum lub sijhawm nruab nrab, daim ntawv qhia hnub Julian tau siv dav hauv Tebchaws Europe, rau tsoomfwv, kev lag luam, thiab kev cai dab qhuas ntawm pawg ntseeg. Txawm tias tom qab lub tebchaws Roman sab hnub poob poob, daim ntawv qhia hnub Julian tseem yog tus qauv hauv ntau thaj chaw vim tias kev tswj hwm ntawm pawg ntseeg thiab kev sau ntawv tau vam khom nws.
Kev Hloov Kho Gregorian: Kho Julian Calendar
Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub caij nyoog loj txaus los ua rau muaj teeb meem loj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau lub Koom Txoos Catholic. Los ntawm xyoo 1500s, lub caij vernal equinox, uas yuav tsum tau nyob ib puag ncig lub Peb Hlis 21 (raws li Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Nicaea), tau hloov mus rau ib puag ncig lub Peb Hlis 11 ntawm Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub. Qhov no cuam tshuam rau kev suav ntawm Easter thiab daim ntawv qhia hnub liturgical.
Yog li ntawd, xyoo 1582, Vaj Ntxwv Gregory XIII tau qhia txog daim ntawv qhia hnub Gregorian. Muaj ob qhov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb:
1. Tshem tawm 10 hnub kom "ua raws li" lub caij (piv txwv li, tom qab Lub Kaum Hli 4, 1582 nws tam sim ntawd dhau los ua Lub Kaum Hli 15, 1582 hauv cov tebchaws uas tau txais yuav tam sim ntawd).
2. Hloov cov cai ntawm xyoo leap: xyoo pua (piv txwv li, 1700, 1800, 1900) tsis yog xyoo leap tshwj tsis yog tias lawv faib tau los ntawm 400 (piv txwv li, 1600 thiab 2000 yog xyoo leap). Qhov no ua rau qhov nruab nrab ntawm ib xyoos ntev li 365,2425 hnub, ze rau xyoo tropical.
Qhov kev hloov pauv no tau txo qis qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub caij nyoog, ua rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub raug dua rau lub sijhawm ntev.
Kev Faib Tawm Tsis Sib Xws
Kev siv daim ntawv qhia hnub Gregorian tsis tau tshwm sim thoob ntiaj teb ib zaug. Cov teb chaws Catholic xws li Ltalis, Spain, thiab Portugal tau siv nws thaum ntxov, thaum ntau lub teb chaws Protestant thiab Orthodox tau ncua vim yog kev nom kev tswv thiab kev ntseeg. Tebchaws Askiv thiab nws cov teb chaws tsuas yog siv daim ntawv qhia hnub Gregorian hauv xyoo 1752. Lavxias tsuas yog hloov tom qab Kev Tawm Tsam Xyoo 1917, ua rau muaj qhov tseeb nthuav: "Kev Tawm Tsam Lub Kaum Hli" raws li Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub tau tshwm sim hauv lub Kaum Ib Hlis ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub Gregorian.
Vim yog qhov sib txawv ntawm lub sijhawm txais yuav no, ob hnub feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm: Old Style (OS) rau Julian thiab New Style (NS) rau Gregorian.
Julian Calendar nyob rau lub sijhawm niaj hnub no
Txawm hais tias daim ntawv qhia hnub Gregorian tam sim no yog tus qauv thoob ntiaj teb, daim ntawv qhia hnub Julian tseem tsis tau ploj mus tag. Qee lub koom txoos Eastern Orthodox tseem siv daim ntawv qhia hnub Julian rau qee qhov kev ua koob tsheej, suav nrog Christmas. Vim tias qhov sib txawv ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub Julian thiab Gregorian txuas ntxiv nce ntxiv (tam sim no 13 hnub hauv xyoo pua 21st), Christmas, Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 25 raws li Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub, poob rau Lub Ib Hlis 7 raws li Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub.
Ntxiv rau, lo lus "Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub" kuj tshwm sim hauv cov ntsiab lus kev tshawb fawb xws li "Julian hnub tus lej" (ib qho system ntawm kev suav hnub sib law liag siv los ntawm astronomy), txawm hais tias lub tswv yim no tsis yog Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub hauv lub ntsiab lus pej xeem, tab sis yog ib qho system lej los pab txhawb kev suav hnub qub.
Xaus
Daim ntawv qhia hnub Julian tau tshwm sim los ntawm qhov xav tau tseem ceeb: los coj kev txiav txim rau lub sijhawm tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Loos thiab sib phim daim ntawv qhia hnub nrog lub caij. Ua tsaug rau Julius Caesar txoj kev hloov pauv thiab kev pab ntawm Alexandrian astronomy, Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntev tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm tib neeg. Txawm li cas los xij, nws qhov kev tsis meej pem ntawm kev tshawb fawb ua rau nws maj mam hloov ntawm lub caij, thaum kawg tau hloov los ntawm Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub.
Txawm li cas los xij, Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub tseem ceeb ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev paub thiab tsoomfwv. Nws qhia tau tias cov pej xeem tau sim kov yeej qhov nyuaj ntawm xwm - kev txav mus los ntawm lub hnub, lub caij, thiab lub suab ntawm lub neej - los ntawm kev pom zoo ua ke. Txij li thaum Loos thaum ub mus rau cov kev lig kev cai niaj hnub no, cov cim ntawm Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub tseem raug hnov, ua pov thawj tias cov txheej txheem daim ntawv qhia hnub tsis yog tsuas yog suav hnub xwb, tab sis yog kev xav txog kev xav tau ntawm kev sib raug zoo, kev nom kev tswv, thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm ib lub sijhawm.
