Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cov tshuaj ntxuav tes siv cov thev naus laus zis enzyme
Nyob rau xyoo caum dhau los no, kev lag luam ntxuav khaub ncaws tau hloov pauv ntau heev vim tias cov neeg siv khoom xav tau cov khoom siv zoo dua, txuag hluav taws xob, thiab zoo rau ib puag ncig tau nce ntxiv. Ib qho kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb uas daws tau cov kev xav tau no yog thev naus laus zis enzyme. Enzymes yog cov biocatalysts - feem ntau yog cov protein - uas tuaj yeem ua kom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb sai dua. Hauv cov ntxuav khaub ncaws, enzymes pab rhuav tshem cov xim tshwj xeeb xws li rog, protein, thiab hmoov txhuv nplej siab, ua rau ntxuav tau zoo dua, txawm tias nyob rau qhov kub qis. Tsab xov xwm no tham txog cov txheej txheem tsim cov tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws siv thev naus laus zis enzyme, los ntawm kev tsim cov mis mus rau kev ntim khoom, nrog rau nws cov yam ntxwv zoo thiab kev nyab xeeb.
1. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav thiab lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes
Cov tshuaj ntxuav niaj hnub no yog cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ntau yam khoom xyaw nrog ntau yam haujlwm sib txawv. Cov khoom tseem ceeb suav nrog:
– Cov tshuaj surfactants: txo qhov nro ntawm qhov dej thiab tshem tawm cov av ntawm cov ntaub fibers.
- Builder: khi cov calcium thiab magnesium ions (ua rau dej tawv) kom cov surfactant ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws.
- Cov tshuaj dawb thiab cov tshuaj ua kom tawv nqaij ci ntsa iab: pab tshem tawm cov xim tawv ncauj thiab ua kom ci ntsa iab.
- Cov polymer tiv thaiv kev rov ua dua tshiab: tiv thaiv cov av uas tau raug tshem tawm kom tsis txhob lo rov qab.
- Cov tshuaj tsw qab, cov xim pleev, thiab cov khoom ntxiv: muab cov ntxhiab tsw qab, tsos, thiab kev xis nyob ntawm kev siv.
Lub caij no, cov enzymes ua haujlwm ua cov "tshuaj tua cov xim" tshwj xeeb heev. Cov enzymes feem ntau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws suav nrog:
- Protease: rhuav tshem cov protein xim (ntshav, mis nyuj, qe).
– Lipase: rhuav tshem cov rog/roj uas muaj cov xim av (xws li kua ntses, butter, roj ua noj).
– Amylase: rhuav cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab (mov, qos yaj ywm, pasta).
- Cellulase: saib xyuas cov ntaub npuag, txo qhov tsis ci ntsa iab, pab tso cov av me me tawm.
– Mannanase/pectinase (hauv qee cov mis): tsom mus rau cov xim av los ntawm qee yam khoom noj xws li chocolate, ice cream, lossis txiv hmab txiv ntoo.
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov thev naus laus zis enzyme yog nws lub peev xwm ua haujlwm tau zoo ntawm cov koob tshuaj me me thiab tso cai rau kev ntxuav ntawm qhov kub qis dua, yog li txuag hluav taws xob thiab txo qhov cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig.
2. Theem tsim cov tshuaj ntxuav tes enzymatic
Ua ntej tsim khoom, pab pawg R&D tsim cov mis raws li lub hom phiaj ntawm cov neeg siv khoom: hmoov lossis kua xab npum, ntxuav hauv tshuab lossis ntxuav tes, nrog rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm dej thiab kev ntxuav hauv ib cheeb tsam. Nyob rau theem no, ntau yam tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum xav txog suav nrog:
1. Kev xaiv cov surfactants
Feem ntau, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm anionic (piv txwv li, LAS) thiab nonionic surfactants raug xaiv los sib npaug lub zog ntxuav, ua npuas dej, thiab sib xws nrog cov enzymes.
2. Kev xaiv tus neeg tsim kho
Cov tshuaj ua kom dej tawv tsis ua haujlwm xws li zeolite, citrate, lossis carbonate. Rau cov tshuaj ntxuav dej, yuav tsum tau hloov kho qhov kev xaiv ntawm cov tshuaj ua kom dej tawv thiab cov tshuaj chelating kom ruaj khov.
3. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub cev enzyme
Cov enzymes raug xaiv raws li cov qauv xim uas feem ntau pom. Piv txwv li, cov teb chaws uas muaj cov zaub mov muaj roj ntau feem ntau xav tau lipase ntau dua; thaum cov khaub ncaws menyuam yaus lossis cov khaub ncaws ua haujlwm hauv teb yuav xav tau cov proteases thiab amylases muaj zog dua.
4. Cov xwm txheej pH thiab kev ruaj khov
Cov enzymes muaj qhov pH zoo tshaj plaws (feem ntau yog nruab nrab mus rau me ntsis alkaline). Vim tias cov tshuaj ntxuav feem ntau yog alkaline, cov qauv yuav tsum tau tsim los tswj cov enzyme ua haujlwm thaum siv tab sis ruaj khov thaum khaws cia.
5. Kev sib haum xeeb nrog cov tshuaj dawb thiab cov khoom ntxiv
Qee cov neeg sawv cev oxidizing tuaj yeem txo cov haujlwm enzyme. Yog li ntawd, kev siv cov tshuaj dawb (piv txwv li, percarbonate) thiab lawv cov activators yuav tsum tau tswj hwm, lossis cov enzymes yuav tsum tau npaj rau hauv daim ntawv tiv thaiv ntau dua.
3. Kev xaiv thiab kev tsim khoom lag luam ntawm cov enzymes
Cov enzymes ntxuav feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm kev fermentation ntawm cov microbes (cov kab mob lossis fungi) uas tau raug xaiv lossis tsim los tsim cov enzymes nrog cov yam ntxwv xav tau: tiv taus kub, tiv taus alkaline tej yam kev mob, thiab tseem ua haujlwm ntawm qee qhov surfactant concentrations.
Cov txheej txheem kev lag luam feem ntau:
1. Kev Ua Kom Nqus: cov kab mob me me raug loj hlob hauv lub bioreactor nrog qee yam khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig.
2. Kev ntxuav ib nrab: cov kua fermented raug sib cais los ntawm cov biomass thiab nws cov enzyme concentration yog nplua nuj.
3. Kev Ruaj Ntseg: cov enzymes raug ruaj khov siv qee cov ntsev, cov cawv qab zib, lossis cov txheej txheem buffer kom lawv tsis txhob lwj sai.
4. Kev tsim cov khoom enzyme: cov enzymes tuaj yeem ua rau hauv cov kua dej ruaj khov lossis ua rau hauv cov granules / encapsulated kom ua rau lawv muaj kev nyab xeeb dua rau kev tuav thiab tiv taus ntau dua hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tes.
Kev ua kom cov hmoov av me me yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov tshuaj ntxuav hmoov vim nws txo cov hmoov av enzyme uas nyob hauv huab cua (uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov neeg ua haujlwm ua pa tsis taus yog tias tsis tswj hwm kom zoo).
4. Cov txheej txheem ua cov tshuaj ntxuav hmoov siv cov thev naus laus zis enzyme
Cov tshuaj ntxuav hmoov tseem nrov vim lawv ruaj khov, pheej yig, thiab haum rau ntau yam mob. Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom feem ntau suav nrog:
a) Kev npaj cov slurry (thawj daim nplaum)
Cov khoom xyaw xws li surfactants, dej, thiab qee cov builders raug sib tov rau hauv lub tank sib tov kom ua tau ib qho slurry homogeneous. Qhov kub ntawm qhov sib tov raug tswj kom ntseeg tau tias muaj viscosity thiab sib tov / disperse sib xws ntawm cov khoom.
b) Tshuaj tsuag kom qhuav
Cov slurry no raug txau rau hauv lub tshuab ziab kom qhuav, ua rau cov dej ua pa sai sai thiab ua cov hmoov av. Cov txheej txheem no tsim cov khoom me me uas yooj yim nqus cov khoom ntxiv.
c) Tom qab noj tshuaj (ntxiv cov ntaub ntawv rhiab heev)
Cov enzymes yog cov khoom siv uas rhiab heev rau cua sov. Yog li ntawd, feem ntau lawv tsis raug ntxiv ua ntej txau kom qhuav. Lawv raug ntxiv tom qab cov hmoov av tiav lawm, los ntawm cov txheej txheem sib xyaw qhuav. Ntxiv rau cov enzymes, lwm cov khoom siv uas rhiab heev rau cua sov xws li tshuaj tsw qab, qee cov tshuaj ci ntsa iab, lossis qee cov tshuaj dawb kuj tseem yuav raug ntxiv rau theem no.
d) Kev ua kom cov granulation thiab txheej (xaiv tau)
Yuav kom cov enzyme ruaj khov dua, cov chaw tsim khoom siv tau cov granules uas muaj txheej. Kev txheej pab tiv thaiv cov enzyme kom tsis txhob kov cov dej noo, cov tshuaj dawb, lossis kev sib txhuam, uas tuaj yeem ua rau nws puas tsuaj.
e) Kev tswj qhov loj ntawm cov khoom me me thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke
Cov khoom sib xyaw kawg raug lim kom ntseeg tau tias qhov loj me ntawm cov khoom sib npaug - qhov tseem ceeb kom tiv thaiv kev sib cais thaum thauj mus los nrog rau kom ntseeg tau tias muaj cov enzyme sib npaug hauv txhua pob.
5. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cov tshuaj ntxuav tes siv cov thev naus laus zis enzyme
Cov tshuaj ntxuav ua kua muaj kev yooj yim yaj thiab yooj yim siv. Qhov teeb meem loj tshaj plaws yog kev tswj hwm qhov ruaj khov ntawm cov enzyme hauv cov kua thoob plaws lub sijhawm khaws cia.
Cov theem dav dav:
1. Ua ib lub hauv paus kua: dej, surfactant, solvent thiab thickener sib xyaw.
2. Kev kho pH: pH raug kho kom haum rau qhov ntau uas muaj kev nyab xeeb rau cov enzymes thiab tseem siv tau zoo rau kev ntxuav.
3. Ntxiv cov tshuaj builder/chelating agent: los khi cov hlau ions uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm enzyme lossis catalyze degradation.
4. Kev txias thiab ntxiv cov enzyme: Cov enzymes raug ntxiv rau ntawm qhov kub qis dua kom tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj. Kev do maj mam ua kom tsis txhob ua rau cov qauv protein puas tsuaj.
5. Ntxiv cov tshuaj tsw qab thiab cov khoom ntxiv kawg: ua tom qab lub kaw lus ruaj khov kom txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam tsis xav tau.
Hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav kua, cov enzymes feem ntau yog ua ke nrog lub tshuab stabilizer thiab qee zaum muab faib ua microcapsules rau lub sijhawm ntev dua.
6. Kev tswj xyuas zoo (QC) thiab kev sim ua haujlwm
Yuav kom cov tshuaj ntxuav enzymatic sib xws, cov chaw tsim khoom ua cov kev ntsuam xyuas zoo xws li:
- Kev ua haujlwm ntawm enzyme (cov chav ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb) kom ntseeg tau tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.
- Kev ruaj khov ntawm kev khaws cia ntawm chav tsev kub thiab kub siab (kev laus sai).
- Kev ntsuam xyuas tus qauv ntxuav rau cov xim tshwj xeeb (protein, rog, hmoov txhuv nplej siab).
- Cov dej noo thiab qhov ceev (rau hmoov), thiab viscosity (rau kua).
- Kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov khoom ntim khoom kom tiv thaiv kev ua xua lossis kev puas tsuaj zoo vim yog kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw ntawm cov khoom.
7. Kev nyab xeeb thiab ib puag ncig
Cov thev naus laus zis enzyme ua rau ntxuav tau zoo ntawm qhov kub qis dua thiab tuaj yeem txo qhov xav tau cov tshuaj lom neeg hnyav. Txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev tsim khoom, cov hmoov enzyme yuav tsum tau tswj hwm los ntawm:
– cua thiab lim dej,
- siv cov enzymes granular uas muaj hmoov av tsawg,
- cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm thiab PPE tsim nyog.
Nyob rau ib puag ncig, cov tshuaj ntxuav enzymatic feem ntau txo cov pa roj carbon vim tias cov neeg siv khoom tuaj yeem ntxuav ntawm qhov kub ntawm 20–30 ° C yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov txiaj ntsig. Ntxiv mus, cov enzymes yog biodegradable, txawm hais tias lwm cov khoom xyaw xws li surfactants thiab builders tseem xav tau kev tswj hwm kom zoo kom ua raws li cov cai.
Kev kaw
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cov tshuaj ntxuav tes siv cov thev naus laus zis enzyme sib xyaw ua ke kev tshawb fawb txog kev tsim cov tshuaj, biotechnology, kev tsim khoom, thiab kev tswj xyuas zoo. Tus yuam sij rau kev vam meej yog xaiv cov enzyme zoo, muab nws rau hauv cov khoom yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nws cov haujlwm, thiab tswj kev ruaj khov thaum khaws cia. Nrog rau kev tsim cov txheej txheem zoo - rau ob qho tib si hmoov thiab kua tshuaj ntxuav tes - cov enzymes tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntxuav thaum txhawb nqa kev siv hluav taws xob ntau dua thiab kev coj ua kom ruaj khov. Yog tias cov qauv tshiab txuas ntxiv mus, cov tshuaj ntxuav tes enzymatic yuav dhau los ua cov xim tshwj xeeb, cov ntaub muaj kev nyab xeeb, thiab tus phooj ywg ib puag ncig yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev paub ntawm tus neeg siv.
