Cov Transformers hauv Cov Chaw Fais Fab Hydroelectric: Kev Hloov Voltage rau Kev Faib Hluav Taws Xob
Cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hydroelectric (PLTA) yog lub npe hu ua lub zog hluav taws xob txhim khu kev qha, ua haujlwm tau zoo, thiab tsis ua rau ib puag ncig puas tsuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, kev vam meej ntawm lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob hydroelectric tsis yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov muaj dej thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub turbine-generator xwb. Tom qab cov txheej txheem tsim hluav taws xob, muaj ib qho tseem ceeb uas ua rau lub zog hluav taws xob tsim tau muab faib rau cov tsev, cov lag luam, thiab cov chaw pej xeem: lub transformer. Transformers ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev hloov cov theem voltage kom haum rau kev xa mus deb thiab faib rau cov neeg siv khoom. Tsab xov xwm no tham txog cov haujlwm, hom, cov ntsiab cai ua haujlwm, thiab lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm transformers hauv cov kab ke hluav taws xob hydroelectric.
Lub Luag Haujlwm ntawm Transformers hauv Hydroelectric Power Chain
Feem ntau, lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob hydroelectric (PLTA) pib nrog dej ntws los ntawm lub pas dej thiab tig lub turbine. Lub turbine tom qab ntawd tsav lub generator los tsim hluav taws xob. Lub zog tso zis ntawm lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob hydroelectric (PLTA) feem ntau yog nruab nrab (piv txwv li, 6,6 kV, 11 kV, 13,8 kV, lossis 20 kV), nyob ntawm seb lub chaw tsim qauv.
Qhov teeb meem yog, kev xa hluav taws xob ntawm qhov nruab nrab voltage hla kev deb ntev ua rau muaj kev poob hluav taws xob loj heev. Qhov no yog qhov uas transformers ua qhov tseem ceeb. Los ntawm kev nce qhov voltage (nce-up), tam sim no tuaj yeem txo qis rau tib lub zog, yog li txo qhov kev poob hauv cov kab xa hluav taws xob. Thaum hluav taws xob mus txog qhov chaw thauj khoom, lwm lub transformer txo qhov voltage mus rau qib uas muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab haum rau lub network faib khoom thiab cov neeg siv khoom siv.
Vim li cas thiaj yuav tsum hloov qhov voltage?
Hauv lub zog fais fab, lub zog nquag tuaj yeem nkag siab yooj yim los ntawm kev sib raug zoo yooj yim:
P = V × Kuv
Yuav kom xa tau tib lub zog P, yog tias qhov voltage V nce ntxiv ces tam sim no I txo qis. Kev poob hauv cov neeg xa xov hluav taws xob feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cua sov (kev poob) qhov ntau ntawm cov uas yog proportional rau:
Ploss = I² × R
Qhov no txhais tau tias yog tias qhov tam sim no raug txo qis, qhov kev poob qis yuav txo qis quadratically. Yog li ntawd, kev nce qhov hluav taws xob yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev xa hluav taws xob mus deb. Cov transformers ua rau cov txheej txheem no muaj kev poob qis, ua rau lub zog ua haujlwm tau zoo.
Txoj Cai Ua Haujlwm ntawm Transformer
Cov transformers ua haujlwm raws li kev siv hluav taws xob electromagnetic induction. Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm lub transformer muaj xws li:
1. Lub kauj thawj: txais hluav taws xob los ntawm qhov chaw (piv txwv li lub tshuab hluav taws xob).
2. Kauj theem ob: tsim cov hluav taws xob tso zis xav tau.
3. Ferromagnetic core: txoj kev sib nqus flux los txhawb kom muaj kev sib txuas sib nqus ntawm thawj thiab theem nrab.
Thaum lub zog hluav taws xob hloov pauv (AC) ntws los ntawm lub kauj thawj zaug, qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov hlau nplaum sib nqus tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub plawv. Qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov hlau nplaum no ua rau muaj hluav taws xob hauv lub kauj thib ob. Qhov piv ntawm cov hluav taws xob yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov piv ntawm tus lej ntawm kev tig:
V₁ / V₂ = N₁ / N₂
Yog tias tus naj npawb ntawm cov tig thib ob ntau dua li thawj zaug, qhov hluav taws xob yuav nce ntxiv (nce-nce). Yog tias muaj tsawg dua, qhov hluav taws xob yuav txo qis (nce-qis). Vim tias cov transformers ua haujlwm ntawm AC, lub zog tuaj yeem "hloov pauv" ntawm cov kauj tsis muaj kev sib cuag hluav taws xob ncaj qha, uas kuj txhim kho kev nyab xeeb thiab kev sib cais.
Cov Kauj Ruam Hloov Kho Hauv Hydroelectric Power Plant Substation
Hom transformer tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv lub chaw fais fab hydroelectric yog lub step-up transformer, feem ntau nyob hauv qhov chaw hloov hluav taws xob lossis chaw hloov hluav taws xob. Nws lub luag haujlwm yog ua kom lub generator lub zog hluav taws xob tso zis mus rau lub zog hluav taws xob kis, piv txwv li, mus txog 70 kV, 150 kV, 275 kV, lossis txawm tias 500 kV, nyob ntawm lub network system uas tau txais kev pabcuam.
Nyob rau theem no, lub transformer yuav tsum tau tsim los kom tiv taus cov xwm txheej ua haujlwm hnyav, suav nrog:
- Cov khoom thauj loj thiab txuas ntxiv mus raws li lub peev xwm ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob.
- Kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub kaw lus xws li xob laim, hluav taws xob nce siab, lossis luv luv hauv lub network.
- Cov kev xav tau rwb thaiv tsev siab vim yog qhov ua haujlwm siab.
- Kev txias zoo vim tias kev poob tooj liab thiab kev poob ntawm lub hauv paus tsim kom muaj cua sov.
Cov roj transformer hauv cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hydroelectric feem ntau siv cov roj transformer ua ob qho tib si ua cov insulator thiab ua kom txias. Lub kaw lus txias tuaj yeem yog ONAN (Roj Natural Air Natural), ONAF (Roj Natural Air Forced), lossis OFAF (Roj Forced Air Forced), nyob ntawm qhov tso zis hluav taws xob thiab cov xwm txheej ua haujlwm.
Chav Transformer thiab Generation Configuration
Hauv cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob loj, feem ntau siv cov qauv tsim hluav taws xob-transformer, qhov twg ib lub tshuab hluav taws xob txuas ncaj qha rau ib lub transformer tseem ceeb. Qhov kev teeb tsa no txhim kho kev ntseeg tau thiab ua kom yooj yim rau kev tiv thaiv, vim tias qhov ua tsis tiav hauv ib chav tsis tas yuav kaw tag nrho lub Hoobkas.
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov transformers ntxiv tuaj yeem siv tau xws li:
- Chaw Hloov Kho Chaw Pabcuam: muab cov kev xav tau sab hauv ntawm lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob hydropower (twj tso kua mis, cov txheej txheem tswj hwm, teeb pom kev zoo, cua txias, cov li qub, thiab lwm yam).
- Transformer pabcuam: muab cov khoom pabcuam thaum lub sijhawm pib lossis thaum ib chav tsev tshwj xeeb tsis ua haujlwm.
- Grounding Transformer (hauv qee qhov kev teeb tsa): pab nrog lub kaw lus grounding thiab kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov.
Kauj Ruam-Down Transformer rau Kev Faib Hluav Taws Xob
Tom qab lub zog hluav taws xob raug xa mus rau ntawm qhov hluav taws xob siab thiab mus txog thaj chaw thauj khoom, qhov hluav taws xob yuav tsum maj mam txo qis. Cov txheej txheem no tshwm sim ntawm cov chaw xa khoom thiab faib khoom, kom txog thaum nws mus txog qhov hluav taws xob uas cov neeg siv khoom siv, piv txwv li:
- Qhov hluav taws xob faib nruab nrab: 20 kV lossis 11 kV
– Hluav taws xob tsawg rau tsev neeg: 230/400 V (nyob ntawm cov qauv hauv zos)
Txawm hais tias cov transformers uas tsis tshua muaj nyob rau ntawm cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hydroelectric, lawv tseem yog ib feem ntawm cov saw hlau uas pib ntawm lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob hydroelectric. Yog tsis muaj cov transformers faib hluav taws xob, hluav taws xob yuav siv tsis tau zoo thiab sib xws nrog cov khoom siv rau cov neeg siv khoom.
Kev Tiv Thaiv thiab Kev Ntseeg Tau ntawm Transformers hauv Hydroelectric Power Plants
Vim tias cov transformers kim heev thiab tseem ceeb heev, lawv cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv tseem ceeb heev. Cov transformers fais fab hydroelectric feem ntau muaj cov hauv qab no:
- Buchholz relay: ntes cov roj vim muaj qhov tsis zoo sab hauv hauv cov roj transformers.
- Kev tiv thaiv sib txawv (87T): ntes tau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov dej ntws thawj zaug thiab theem ob uas qhia txog qhov ua yuam kev sab hauv.
- Kev tiv thaiv overcurrent thiab av txhaum: kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv overcurrent thiab av txhaum.
- Kev saib xyuas kub: saib xyuas qhov kub ntawm cov roj thiab cov xov hlau kom tiv thaiv kev kub dhau.
- Surge arrester: tiv taus qhov voltage surges vim yog xob laim lossis switching.
Ntxiv rau kev tiv thaiv, kev saib xyuas tsis tu ncua yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub transformer lub neej ntev. Kev kuaj xyuas roj zoo (DGA—Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Roj Yaj), kev ntsuas kev tiv thaiv rwb thaiv tsev, kev kuaj qhov sib piv ntawm kev tig, thiab kev tshuaj xyuas lub tshuab cua txias yog cov kev coj ua niaj hnub los tiv thaiv kev ua tsis tiav.
Kev Ua Haujlwm Zoo thiab Kev Cuam Tshuam Txog Kev Lag Luam
Cov transformers niaj hnub no muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo, feem ntau siab dua 98–99% nyob rau hauv qee qhov xwm txheej thauj khoom. Txawm li cas los xij, vim tias cov transformers ua haujlwm tas li, txawm tias qhov kev poob me me tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau lub zog txhua xyoo thiab cov nqi khiav lag luam. Ob hom kev poob tseem ceeb yog:
1. Kev poob ntawm lub hauv paus: tshwm sim txawm tias tsis muaj kev thauj khoom, cuam tshuam los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv paus thiab qhov hluav taws xob.
2. Kev poob tooj liab: nce nrog rau kev thauj khoom vim yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm tam sim no hauv qhov winding.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hydroelectric, uas feem ntau ua haujlwm ua cov tshuab hluav taws xob lossis cov khoom tswj hwm load, cov tswv yim tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm transformer - piv txwv li, xaiv lub peev xwm zoo thiab xyuas kom meej tias txias zoo tshaj plaws - muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev tag nrho.
Xaus
Cov transformers yog cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hydroelectric, txuas cov txheej txheem tsim hluav taws xob nrog cov kev xav tau ntawm kev xa hluav taws xob thiab kev faib tawm. Nrog lub peev xwm los nce voltage ntawm qhov kawg tsim hluav taws xob (nce-up) thiab txhawb nqa kev txo voltage ze ntawm tus neeg siv khoom (nce-down), transformers ua kom muaj kev faib hluav taws xob zoo, muaj kev nyab xeeb, thiab txhim khu kev qha. Dhau li ntawm lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov voltage, transformers hauv cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hydroelectric kuj yuav tsum muaj peev xwm tiv taus cov teeb meem ntawm kev ua haujlwm hnyav, nruab nrog kev tiv thaiv zoo, thiab txhawb nqa los ntawm kev saib xyuas tsis tu ncua kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev ntseeg siab mus sij hawm ntev.
Thaum kawg, cov turbines thiab generators yeej "tsim" hluav taws xob, tab sis nws yog cov transformers uas ua rau hluav taws xob mus tau deb thiab siv tau dav. Yog tsis muaj transformers, lub zog fais fab hydroelectric yuav nyuaj rau ncav cuag cov zej zog kom zoo - ua rau transformers yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuab fais fab niaj hnub.
