Cov Cheebtsam Tseem Ceeb ntawm Lub Tshuab Hluav Taws Xob thiab Nws Ua Haujlwm Li Cas hauv Lub Hoobkas Fais Fab Hydroelectric
Lub chaw fais fab hydroelectric (PLTA) siv lub zog thiab lub zog kinetic ntawm dej los tsim hluav taws xob. Ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv lub kaw lus no yog lub generator, lub tshuab uas hloov lub zog mechanical los ntawm kev tig ntawm lub turbine mus rau hauv lub zog hluav taws xob los ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm electromagnetic induction. Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev hloov pauv zog zoo, lub tshuab hluav taws xob hydroelectric muaj ntau yam khoom tseem ceeb uas ua haujlwm ua ke. Tsab xov xwm no tham txog cov khoom no thiab piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas lub generator ua haujlwm hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub chaw fais fab hydroelectric.
Kev Txheeb Xyuas Luv Luv ntawm Lub Tshuab Fais Fab Hydroelectric
Ua ntej yuav mus txog qhov chaw tsim hluav taws xob (generator), nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nkag siab txog lub zog ntws hauv lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob hydroelectric. Dej los ntawm lub pas dej lossis lub pas dej ntws los ntawm lub pas dej mus rau lub turbine. Lub siab thiab qhov nrawm ntawm dej ua rau lub turbine tig. Lub turbine tig mus rau lub qhov txuas ncaj qha rau lub generator. Lub generator tom qab ntawd tsim hluav taws xob, uas tom qab ntawd nce qib hauv voltage los ntawm lub transformer thiab faib rau lub network kis.
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm tsab xov xwm no yog theem ntawm kev hloov pauv lub zog los ntawm kev siv tshuab mus rau hluav taws xob, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub tshuab hluav taws xob.
Cov Ntsiab Cai Tseem Ceeb ntawm Cov Generators: Electromagnetic Induction
Cov generators ua haujlwm raws li Faraday's Law, uas hais tias kev hloov pauv ntawm magnetic flux hauv tus conductor tsim lub zog electromotive (EMF). Hauv lub generator, qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm magnetic flux no yog tsim los ntawm kev txav mus los ntawm lub magnetic field thiab cov conductor coils. Thaum lub rotor tig, lub magnetic field tig mus rau stator coils, tsim ib lub voltage hla cov coils. Lub voltage no ces tsim ib lub hluav taws xob thaum txuas nrog lub load lossis network system.
Hauv cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hydroelectric, lub generator feem ntau siv yog lub tshuab hluav taws xob synchronous peb-theem vim nws tsim nyog rau lub zog loj, ruaj khov thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo.
Cov Cheebtsam Tseem Ceeb ntawm Cov Generators hauv Hydroelectric Power Plants
1. Stator (Qhov Chaw Nres Nkaus)
Lub stator yog qhov tsis tig ntawm lub generator. Qhov no yog qhov uas lub zog hluav taws xob tseem ceeb raug tsim tawm. Lub stator muaj cov hauv qab no:
- Stator thav duab: ib qho qauv kho tshuab uas txhawb nqa cov khoom sab hauv.
- Stator core: muaj cov silicon steel laminations los txo cov eddy current losses. Cov laminations yog cov ntawv nyias nyias uas muab sib dhos ua ke los rhuav tshem txoj kev eddy current.
– Stator winding: ib lub kauj hlau uas muaj cov hlau lead (feem ntau yog tooj liab) muab tso rau hauv cov qhov ntawm lub stator core. Lub kauj no feem ntau yog tsim los tsim cov zis peb theem.
Tus stator ua haujlwm ua "qhov chaw" rau lub zog hluav taws xob tawm, vim tias qhov hluav taws xob induced tshwm sim hauv nws lub kauj.
2. Rotor (Qhov Tig)
Lub rotor yog ib feem ntawm lub generator uas tig nrog lub turbine ncej. Hauv lub synchronous hydroelectric generator, lub rotor tsim lub magnetic field loj. Muaj ob hom rotors uas feem ntau siv:
– Cov rotor ncej tseem ceeb: feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hydroelectric vim tias cov turbines hydro feem ntau tig ntawm qhov ceev qis. Hom rotor no muaj cov ncej sib nqus uas tawm los, tsim nyog rau ntau lub ncej, tso cai rau qhov zaus xav tau ntawm qhov ceev qis.
- Cylindrical rotor (tsis pom tseeb): feem ntau pom hauv cov tshuab hluav taws xob ceev ceev, tab sis kuj siv tau rau qee qhov xwm txheej.
Lub rotor kuj tseem muaj lub zog hluav taws xob uas tau muab nrog DC tam sim no los tsim lub zog sib nqus.
3. Kev Txhawb Nqa
Rau lub rotor los tsim ib lub teb sib nqus, lub generator xav tau ib lub kaw lus excitation uas muab DC tam sim no rau lub rotor coils. Lub kaw lus excitation yog qhov tseem ceeb vim nws txiav txim siab:
- qhov loj ntawm lub zog tso zis ntawm lub generator,
- lub peev xwm ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob los muab lossis nqus cov zog reactive (VAR),
- kev ruaj khov ua haujlwm thaum lub nra hloov pauv.
Cov hom kev txhawb siab uas siv ntau:
- Brushless exciter: txhim khu kev qha dua, tsis tas yuav saib xyuas ntau, siv dav hauv cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob niaj hnub.
- Exciter nrog txhuam (txhuam / nplwv nplhaib): yooj yim dua tab sis xav tau kev saib xyuas vim tias cov khoom sib cuag sib txhuam.
Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, feem ntau qhov kev txhawb zog yog tswj los ntawm AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) kom lub zog hluav taws xob ruaj khov.
4. Ncej thiab Clutch
Lub qhov (shaft) yog qhov sib txuas ntawm lub turbine thiab lub generator rotor. Hauv cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob loj, lub qhov yuav tsum muaj:
- muaj zog heev tiv taus torsion,
- tsis kam rau kev co,
- kev sib dhos zoo kom tsis txhob hnav ntau dhau.
Lub coupling (yog siv) pab txuas lub turbine thiab generator, thiab txo cov teebmeem ntawm kev co lossis kev tsis sib haum me me.
5. Cov kabmob
Qhov kev sib hloov ceev ntawm lub rotor xav tau lub kaw lus bearing kom tswj tau qhov ruaj khov ntawm lub ncej thiab txo qhov kev sib txhuam. Muaj ob hom bearings tseem ceeb:
- Cov kabmob qhia: ua kom qhov chaw ntawm tus ncej ncaj thiab tsis txav mus rau sab.
- Lub zog thawb: tiv taus lub zog axial (thawb) uas tshwm sim los ntawm lub zog ntawm dej rau ntawm lub turbine thiab qhov hnyav ntawm lub rotor.
Cov roj lubrication (roj lubrication) thiab cov cua txias feem ntau yog sib xyaw ua ke los tiv thaiv kev kub dhau.
6. Lub Tshuab Hluav Taws Xob Txias
Cov tshuab hluav taws xob hydro ua haujlwm ntawm lub zog siab, tsim cua sov los ntawm kev poob hluav taws xob thiab kev siv tshuab. Txhawm rau kom tswj tau qhov rwb thaiv tsev thiab tswj tau qhov ua haujlwm siab, yuav tsum tau txias, piv txwv li:
- cua txias nrog lub kiv cua sab hauv,
- dej txias hauv lub tshuab hloov cua sov,
- ntawm qee cov chav, tuaj yeem siv lub tshuab cua txias nyuaj dua raws li lub peev xwm.
Kev txias zoo ua rau lub neej ntawm lub stator thiab rotor rwb thaiv tsev ntev dua.
7. Kev Cais Tawm thiab Kev Tiv Thaiv
Cov stator thiab rotor coils yuav tsum muaj lub kaw lus rwb thaiv tsev zoo uas tuaj yeem tiv taus cov hluav taws xob siab, kub, thiab av noo. Ntxiv mus, lub tshuab hluav taws xob muaj cov kev ntsuas tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob puas tsuaj, xws li:
- luv luv Circuit Court thiab overcurrent tiv thaiv,
- kev tiv thaiv kub winding,
- kev tiv thaiv kev co,
- kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv av,
- poob ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev txhawb zog.
Cov kab ke no feem ntau txuas nrog cov vaj huam sib luag tswj hwm thiab SCADA systems.
8. Cov Chaw Tawm Tawm thiab Cov Hloov Pauv Kauj Ruam (Ntu Txuas)
Feem ntau, lub tshuab hluav taws xob tso zis tawm ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob feem ntau yog nyob rau ntawm qhov hluav taws xob nruab nrab (piv txwv li, 6–20 kV, nyob ntawm tus qauv tsim). Tom qab ntawd cov hluav taws xob raug xa mus rau lub tshuab hloov pauv kom nce mus rau qhov hluav taws xob kis tau (piv txwv li, 70 kV, 150 kV, 275 kV, lossis siab dua), kom txo qhov kev poob ntawm kev kis tau.
Txawm hais tias lub transformer tsis yog ib feem sab hauv ntawm lub generator, nws yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov saw hlau faib hluav taws xob hydropower.
Yuav Ua Li Cas Cov Generators Ua Haujlwm Hauv Cov Chaw Fais Fab Hydroelectric: Cov Txheej Txheem Ua Haujlwm
1. Cov dej uas muaj siab ua rau lub turbine tig
Lub zog dej raug hloov mus ua lub zog kho tshuab hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev tig ntawm lub turbine ncej.
2. Lub turbine ncej tig lub generator rotor.
Lub rotor, uas muaj lub zog sib nqus, tig ntawm qhov ceev tshwj xeeb. Qhov ceev no raug tswj kom phim lub zaus ntawm lub kaw lus (50 Hz hauv Indonesia).
3. Lub teb sib nqus ntawm lub rotor "txiav" cov kauj stator
Thaum lub rotor tig, qhov sib nqus flux hloov pauv raws li qhov chaw ntawm cov stator coils. Qhov no yog qhov uas qhov hluav taws xob induced tshwm sim hauv stator windings.
4. Qhov hluav taws xob peb theem tshwm sim ntawm cov stator terminals.
Vim tias lub stator coil yog tsim los ua peb-theem nrog 120-degree hluav taws xob hloov pauv, cov zis generator yog lub kaw lus AC peb-theem ruaj khov rau cov khoom loj.
5. AVR tswj qhov kev txhawb siab kom tswj tau qhov voltage
Raws li qhov load fluctuates, lub AVR hloov lub rotor excitation tam sim no kom cov zis voltage nyob rau hauv lub system txheem.
6. Lub zog hluav taws xob raug faib rau lub transformer thiab network
Cov zis ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob nkag mus rau hauv lub transformer step-up, tom qab ntawd xa mus los ntawm lub network kis thiab faib khoom mus rau cov neeg siv khoom.
Kev kaw
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob hydroelectric yog ib lub cuab yeej tseem ceeb uas hloov lub zog tshuab los ntawm lub turbine mus ua lub zog hluav taws xob los ntawm kev siv electromagnetic induction. Nws cov khoom tseem ceeb suav nrog stator, rotor, excitation system, shaft, bearings, txias, rwb thaiv tsev, thiab cov khoom siv tiv thaiv. Tag nrho cov khoom no ua haujlwm ua ke los tsim cov hluav taws xob peb theem ruaj khov, ua haujlwm tau zoo, thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb rau kev xa mus rau lub grid. Los ntawm kev nkag siab txog cov khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob hydroelectric, peb tuaj yeem pom tias kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob hydroelectric tsis yog nyob ntawm qhov muaj dej xwb tab sis kuj nyob ntawm kev ntseeg siab ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob electromechanical nyuaj hauv lub tshuab hluav taws xob.
