Tsab xov xwm hais txog lub zog hluav taws xob hauv cov atoms
Thov saib ib yam khoom uas nyob ib puag ncig koj. Yog tias koj rhuav tshem ib yam khoom, piv txwv li, nws yog pob zeb, lub pob zeb yuav raug faib ua tej daim me me. Yog tias ib feem ntawm lub pob zeb raug rhuav tshem dua, cov pob zeb yuav hloov mus ua tej daim me me. Yuav ua li cas yog tias lub pob zeb raug rhuav tshem dua? Tau kawg, lub pob zeb me dua. Puas yog pob zeb raug rhuav tshem ua tej daim me me mus rau tej daim tsis kawg? Qhov tseeb qhia tau hais tias ib yam khoom raug faib ua tej daim me me yuav tuaj txog rau qhov chaw uas qhov me tshaj plaws ntawm yam khoom tsis tuaj yeem faib ua tej daim me me. Qhov me tshaj plaws ntawm yam khoom uas tsis tuaj yeem faib tau hu ua atom. Yog li, atoms yog qhov me tshaj plaws ntawm txhua yam khoom siv hauv lub ntiaj teb.
Cov atom muaj cov electrons, protons, thiab neutrons. Cov protons thiab neutrons tsim cov atomic nuclei uas ntev li ntawm 10-15 meters. Cov electrons nyob sab nraud ntawm lub nucleus thiab txav mus los ib ncig ntawm lub nucleus ntawm ib lub atom zoo li cov ntiaj chaw txav mus los ib ncig ntawm lub hnub. Yog tias nws xav tias lub cheeb ntawm lub atom yog ob peb kilometers, ces lub atomic nucleus yog qhov loj ntawm lub pob billiard,
thiab cov electrons nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub nucleus thiab ncav cuag qhov deb li ntawm 10 -10 meters ntawm lub core. Nruab nrab ntawm lub core thiab ib lub electron, muaj qhov chaw.
Cov electrons uas muaj nqi tsis zoo nyob rau ntawm ntug ntawm cov atoms thiab cov protons uas muaj nqi zoo nyob hauv lub nucleus atomic. Rau cov electrons kom txuas ntxiv mus ncig lub nucleus thiab tsis khiav tawm ntawm lub atom, lub nucleus atomic uas muaj nqi zoo yuav tsum siv lub zog nyiam rau ntawm lub electron. Lub zog uas nyiam cov electrons kom nyob ib puag ncig lub nucleus thiab tsis tuaj yeem sib cais ntawm lub atom hu ua lub zog hluav taws xob.
Nyob rau sab tes tod, sab hauv lub nucleus atomic, muaj cov protons uas muaj nqi zoo yog li cov protons yuav tsum tawm tsam ib leeg vim yog tib lub nqi. Rau cov protons kom nyob ua ke hauv lub nucleus thiab tsis sib cais ntawm lub atom, yuav tsum muaj lub zog uas koom ua ke cov protons. Lub zog uas khi cov protons kom nyob ua ke hauv lub nucleus atomic hu ua lub zog nuclear.
Qhov hnyav ntawm proton yuav luag zoo ib yam li qhov hnyav ntawm neutron. Kwv yees li 99.9% ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm atomic yog nyob rau ntawm lub nucleus atomic, thaum cov electrons muaj qhov hnyav me me. Qhov hnyav ntawm electron (me) = 9.1093897 x 10 -31 kg, qhov hnyav ntawm neutron (mn) = 1.6749286 x 10 -27 kg, qhov hnyav ntawm proton (mp) = 1.6726231 x 10 -27 kg.
Tus nqi ntawm hluav taws xob
Cov electrons yog cov negative, cov protons yog cov positive, thiab cov neutrons yog cov neutrons. Cov protons lossis neutrons yog tsim los ntawm cov quarks, uas muaj ± 1/3 thiab ± 2/3 npaug ntawm cov electrons. Quarks yog cov khoom me me tshaj plaws uas tsim cov atoms, tab sis txog tam sim no, quarks tsis tau pom tias sawv ib leeg ua cov khoom me me.
Tus nqi ntawm cov electron charge lossis proton charge yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov nqi. Cov nqi hluav taws xob ntawm ib yam khoom yog ntau tus nqi ntawm cov electron charge lossis proton charge. Qhov no hu ua quantized charge. Piv txwv li, yog tias qhov me tshaj plaws ntawm cov nyiaj uas peb siv yog 1, ces tus nqi ntawm cov nyiaj uas ib tus neeg tau hais hauv ntau tus nqi ntawm cov nyiaj me tshaj plaws yog 1. Piv txwv li, tus nqi ntawm kuv cov nyiaj yog 2 thiab 3.
Tus nqi ntawm cov nqi rau ib lub electron yog -e thiab qhov loj ntawm cov nqi rau ib lub proton yog +e. Tus nqi ntawm cov nqi ntawm ib yam khoom yog ntau tus ntawm e lossis 1.60 x 10 -19 Coulomb thiab tuaj yeem qhia los ntawm Q = ± Ne. Q = tus lej ntawm cov nqi, ± sawv cev rau hom nqi, N = integer, e = 1.60 x 10 -19 Coulomb.
Cov nqi hluav taws xob hauv cov khoom
Yog tias ib lub atom muaj ntau lub electrons npaum li proton, ces tag nrho cov nqi hluav taws xob hauv lub atom yog xoom, thiab lub atom no yog neutral lossis tsis muaj hluav taws xob them. Tus lej ntawm protons lossis electrons hauv lub atom neutral hu ua tus lej atomic (Z). Yog tias cov electrons ntau dua li proton, ces lub atom muaj nqi tsis zoo. Ntawm qhov tod tes, yog tias cov electrons tsawg dua protons, lawv muaj nqi zoo. Cov atoms uas muaj nqi tsis zoo hu ua cov ions tsis zoo, thaum cov atoms uas muaj nqi zoo hu ua cov ions zoo. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txais lossis tso tawm cov electrons los ntawm ib lub atom hu ua ionization. Thaum peb hais tias, ib lub atom raug them, qhov txhais tau tias yog tus nqi net. Piv txwv li, ib lub atom muaj 10 electrons thiab 7 protons. Lub atom no muaj nqi tsis zoo vim nws muaj ntau tshaj 3 electrons. Yog li, tus nqi net ntawm lub atom no yog 3, thiab hom atomic no yog negative. Cov duab 3, 7, 10 tsuas yog piv txwv los pab kom nkag siab. Qhov tseeb, qhov ntau ntawm tus nqi hluav taws xob ntawm ib yam khoom yog ntau ntawm tus nqi electron lossis tus nqi proton.
Yog tias ib yam khoom muaj ntau electrons npaum li cov protons, ces yam khoom ntawd yog neutral lossis tsis muaj electrically charged. Yog tias ib yam khoom muaj ntau electrons dua li proton, yam khoom ntawd yuav muaj negative charged, thaum yog tias ib yam khoom muaj tsawg electrons dua li proton, yam khoom ntawd yuav muaj positive charged. Cov khoom uas thaum xub thawj tsis muaj zog yuav raug ua negative charged los ntawm kev ntxiv electrons rau yam khoom. Txwv tsis pub, yam khoom yuav raug ua positive charged los ntawm kev txo cov electrons hauv yam khoom.
