Yuav Ua Li Cas Thiaj Ua Tau Cov Hlau Rau Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob
Pendahuluuan
Cov hlau sib xyaw yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb hauv kev siv tshuab thiab khoom siv hluav taws xob vim lawv cov khoom zoo dua, xws li kev ua hluav taws xob thiab kev tiv thaiv xeb. Ib qho hlau sib xyaw yog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ob lossis ntau yam khoom, nrog tsawg kawg ib qho khoom siv hlau, tsim los txhim kho cov khoom siv lub cev thiab tshuaj ntawm cov hlau tseem ceeb. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav tham txog yuav ua li cas los tsim cov hlau sib xyaw rau khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Cov Kauj Ruam Los Ua Cov Hlau Alloys
1. Kev Xaiv Cov Khoom Siv Raw
Kauj ruam thawj zaug hauv kev ua cov hlau sib xyaw yog xaiv cov khoom siv raw zoo. Qhov kev xaiv no yog raws li cov yam ntxwv xav tau ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw. Qee cov khoom siv raw rau cov hlau sib xyaw siv hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog:
– Tooj Liab (Cu): Muaj kev coj hluav taws xob zoo heev thiab tiv taus kev xeb.
– Txhuas (Al): Tiv taus lub teeb thiab xeb.
– Nickel (Ni): Muab lub zog kho tshuab thiab tiv taus kub siab.
– Zinc (Zn): Siv los tsim cov hlau sib xyaw nrog cov ntsiab lus yaj qis dua.
– Tin (Sn): Feem ntau siv rau hauv kev siv solder vim nws muaj peev xwm los tsim cov pob qij txha muaj zog thiab conductive.
2. Kev Xav Txog Qhov Sib Piv
Tom ntej no, yuav tsum txiav txim siab qhov sib piv ntawm txhua yam khoom siv raw. Cov sib piv no tseem ceeb heev vim tias lawv yuav cuam tshuam rau cov khoom kawg ntawm cov hlau. Piv txwv li, los tsim cov hlau tooj liab-nickel (cupronickel) siv rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, kwv yees li 70% tooj liab thiab 30% nickel feem ntau yog siv.
3. Yaj
Cov txheej txheem smelting yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib tov cov khoom siv raw rau hauv cov kua dej sib xyaw. Qhov no ua tiav ntawm qhov kub siab, vim tias cov hlau feem ntau muaj cov ntsiab lus yaj siab heev. Cov hauv qab no yog cov kauj ruam hauv cov txheej txheem smelting:
– Kev Teeb tsa rau lub cub tawg: Siv lub cub tawg tshwj xeeb uas tswj tau qhov kub kom meej. Hom cub tawg no yuav yog lub cub tawg hluav taws xob lossis lub cub tawg induction.
– Kev Ntsuas Khoom Siv: Ntsuas cov khoom siv raw raws li qhov sib piv tau teev tseg thiab xyuas kom meej tias lawv huv si ntawm cov khoom tsis huv.
– Kev Yaj: Muab cov khoom siv raw tso rau hauv lub cub tawg uas tau ua kom sov ua ntej kom txog thaum lawv yaj mus txog qhov kub ntawm cov hlau uas siv. Piv txwv li, tooj liab yaj ntawm ib ncig ntawm 1084°C, thaum nickel yaj ntawm 1455°C.
- Kev Sib Xyaws: Tom qab yaj, cov khoom xyaw yuav tsum tau sib xyaw kom sib npaug, xyuas kom meej tias qhov sib xyaw ua ke yog homogeneous.
4. Kev Ua Pov Thawj
Tom qab cov txheej txheem yaj tiav lawm thiab cov hlau tau dhau los ua cov kua sib xyaw ua ke, cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog casting:
– Kev Xaiv Pwm: Cov pwm siv tau ua xuab zeb (xuab zeb casting) lossis hlau (hlau casting). Kev xaiv pwm nyob ntawm seb cov duab kawg thiab qhov ntev ntawm cov khoom puas kam.
– Kev Nchuav: Cov hlau ua kua sib npaug raug nchuav tam sim ntawd rau hauv cov pwm uas tau npaj tseg kom tiv thaiv kev txias tsis sib npaug.
- Txias: Cia lub pwm txias qeeb qeeb lossis raws li qhov kub xav tau kom tsis txhob muaj kev ntxhov siab hauv cov khoom.
5. Kev Tsim thiab Kev Ua Ntxiv
Thaum cov hlau tau ua tiav thiab txias lawm, kauj ruam tom ntej yog kev puab thiab ua ntxiv kom ua tiav cov duab thiab cov yam ntxwv kawg uas xav tau. Qee cov txheej txheem uas siv tau rau theem no yog:
– Dov: Hlau raug tiaj tiaj ua cov ntawv nyias dua raws li qhov xav tau.
– Kev rho tawm: Hlau raug nias los ntawm lub pwm kom tsim tau ib daim duab ntev, zoo ib yam li hlau lossis pas nrig.
– Kev Milling thiab Tig: Cov txheej txheem tshuab no yog siv los txiav thiab ua cov hlau sib xyaw ua tej daim nyuaj dua.
- Kev Kho Mob Kub: Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua kom sov thiab txias dua kom tau txais qee yam khoom siv xws li lub zog lossis kev ywj pheej.
6. Kev Ntsuas Zoo thiab Kev Tswj Xyuas
Ua ntej siv cov hlau sib xyaw ua ke hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, lawv yuav tsum dhau ntau yam kev ntsuam xyuas zoo kom ntseeg tau tias lawv ua tau raws li cov qauv xav tau. Cov kev ntsuam xyuas zoo no suav nrog:
- Kev Ntsuas Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Kub Ntxhov: Cov hlau alloys raug sim hauv cov chaw tshwj xeeb kom pom tias lawv tswj hwm kev raug rau cov khoom corrosive li cas.
- Kev Ntsuas Qhov Nyuaj: Ntsuas qhov nyuaj ntawm qhov chaw hlau.
- Kev Ntsuas Hluav Taws Xob: Ntsuas seb cov hlau ua hluav taws xob zoo npaum li cas.
– Kev Ntsuas Tshuab: Ntsuas lub zog tensile, lub zog compressive, thiab ductility ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw.
7. Kev Siv Hauv Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob
Tom qab dhau qhov kev sim thiab kev tswj xyuas zoo, cov hlau no npaj txhij rau kev siv hauv kev tsim khoom siv hluav taws xob. Qhov kev siv no suav nrog kev tsim cov khoom sib txuas, cov voj voog, cov plhaub, lossis lwm yam khoom hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Xaus
Kev ua cov hlau sib xyaw rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yuav tsum nkag siab zoo txog cov ntaub ntawv, yaj, pov, thiab ua ntxiv. Cov txheej txheem no pib nrog kev xaiv cov khoom siv raw zoo, txiav txim siab qhov sib piv tsim nyog, yaj cov ntaub ntawv rau hauv qhov sib xyaw ua ke, thiab tom qab ntawd sim qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom kawg. Los ntawm cov kauj ruam no, peb tuaj yeem tau txais cov hlau sib xyaw nrog cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws uas tuaj yeem siv rau hauv ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub uas peb siv txhua hnub.
Raws li thev naus laus zis nce qib, kev cia siab rau kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw kuj nce ntxiv, ua rau muaj kev tsim kho tshiab thiab kev tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv mus nrhiav kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo tshaj plaws rau ntau yam kev siv hauv ntiaj teb hluav taws xob.
