Cov Txuj Ci Luam Ntawv rau Kev Ua Yeeb Yam
Kev luam ntawv yog ib ceg ntawm kev kos duab zoo nkauj uas tshwj xeeb hauv nws txoj kev muaj tswv yim: cov haujlwm yog ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem luam ntawv (kev luam ntawv), tso cai rau ntau dua ib qho kev xav (tsab ntawv) los ntawm lub matrix. Hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev nthuav qhia, kev luam ntawv muab kev nyiam tshwj xeeb - tsis yog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov txiaj ntsig pom, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov kab ntawm cov txheej txheem, tus cwj pwm ntawm cov khoom siv, thiab lub tswv yim ntawm "doublebling" uas tuaj yeem nyeem tau tias yog lub tswv yim kos duab. Txawm li cas los xij, rau ib txoj haujlwm ntawm kev luam ntawv kom tshwm sim zoo tshaj plaws hauv qhov chaw nthuav qhia, cov kws kos duab yuav tsum nkag siab txog ntau yam kev luam ntawv thiab lawv cov txiaj ntsig zoo nkauj thiab kev siv tshuab, suav nrog kev xaiv ntawv, kua mem, qhov loj ntawm tsab ntawv, thiab txoj kev nthuav qhia.
Tsab xov xwm no tham txog ntau txoj kev luam ntawv duab uas feem ntau siv rau kev nthuav qhia, ua tiav nrog lawv cov yam ntxwv pom, cov khoom siv xav tau, thiab kev txiav txim siab ntawm tus kws saib xyuas kom ntseeg tau tias txoj haujlwm zoo li muaj zog thiab tshaj lij.
1. Luam Tawm: Linocut thiab Woodcut
Kev luam ntawv siab yog ib txoj kev luam ntawv uas qhov chaw siab ntawm lub matrix (feem ntau yog ntoo lossis linoleum) tau txais kua mem thiab tom qab ntawd hloov mus rau daim ntawv. Cov chaw kos (qis dua) tseem tsis tau luam tawm. Ob txoj kev luam ntawv nrov tshaj plaws hauv pawg no yog ntoo txiav thiab linocut.
Cov yam ntxwv pom: Kev luam ntawv zoo nkauj ua rau muaj cov duab ci ntsa iab, muaj qhov sib txawv zoo, thiab cov qauv sib txawv - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv cov ntoo txiav, uas feem ntau qhia cov noob ntoo. Cov txheej txheem no zoo heev rau cov haujlwm qhia tawm, cov duab kos duab, lossis cov duab uas vam khom cov duab silhouettes thiab cov kab rhythmic.
Cov txiaj ntsig rau kev nthuav qhia:
- Cov zaub tuab thiab yooj yim rau "nyeem" los ntawm qhov deb.
- Cov txheej txheem pheej yig heev thiab tuaj yeem ua tau ua ntau tsab.
- Muaj peev xwm tsim tau ntau yam xim (luam tawm tsawg lossis ntau lub thaiv).
Lus Cim Txog Kev Siv: Xaiv daim ntawv uas muaj zog txaus los tiv taus qhov siab (piv txwv li, daim ntawv paj rwb lossis daim ntawv duab du). Rau kev nthuav qhia, xyuas kom cov kua dej qhuav tag kom tiv thaiv nws kom tsis txhob lo rau iav lossis cov ntawv hla tebchaws.
2. Kev Luam Ntawv Intaglio: Etching, Engraving, Drypoint
Tsis zoo li kev luam ntawv intaglio, kev luam ntawv intaglio luam tawm los ntawm thaj chaw "concave". Cov kua mem raug siv rau ntawm qhov khawb lossis qhov hauv lub phaj (feem ntau yog hlau xws li tooj liab lossis zinc), thiab tom qab ntawd ntxuav qhov chaw ntawm lub phaj kom tsuas yog cov kua mem hauv thaj chaw concave thiaj li luam tawm. Cov txheej txheem intaglio suav nrog etching, engraving, thiab drypoint.
Cov yam ntxwv pom kev: Intaglio zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev nthuav dav me me, cov xim mos mos, thiab cov kab zoo nkauj. Piv txwv li, Drypoint tsim cov "burrs" uas muab cov kab mos mos dua, muaj cov qauv zoo dua.
Cov txiaj ntsig rau kev nthuav qhia:
- Cov ntsiab lus zoo thiab zoo nkauj, tsim nyog rau kev piav qhia lossis cov haujlwm tiag tiag.
- Txaus siab heev rau cov qauv kos duab qub, ua rau nws muaj zog rau cov ntsiab lus nthuav qhia uas qhia txog qhov zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm tes ua.
Lus Cim Txog Kev Siv: Cov txheej txheem no yuav tsum tau siv lub tshuab nias intaglio thiab daim ntawv ntub dej. Cov ntawv luam tawm qhuav feem ntau muaj tsawg dua vim tias cov burr hnav tawm sai. Hauv kev nthuav qhia, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm (piv txwv li, 3/15) feem ntau yog ib qho tseem ceeb, ua rau tus neeg sau khoom muaj nqis dua.
3. Lithography: Kos duab ncaj qha rau ntawm pob zeb lossis phaj
Kev kos duab lithography ua haujlwm raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib cais ntawm roj thiab dej. Tus kws kos duab siv cov khoom siv roj kos rau ntawm lub pob zeb lithography lossis phaj txhuas, tom qab ntawd los ntawm kev siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov txheej txheem ntub dej, thaj chaw duab txais cov kua mem thaum thaj chaw tsis yog duab tawm tsam nws.
Cov yam ntxwv pom: Lithography yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog haum rau qhov kev xav kos tes: cov kab txaij, cov duab ntxoov ntxoo, thiab txawm tias cov teebmeem zoo li cwj mem lossis cwj mem xim tuaj yeem khaws cia. Qhov no ua rau lithography muaj kev xav zoo dua thiab "organic".
Cov txiaj ntsig rau kev nthuav qhia:
- Kev nyiam rau cov cim ntawm tus kws kos duab lub ntsej muag.
- Muaj peev xwm tsim tau ntau yam tonal, los ntawm qhov tsis meej mus rau qhov muaj zog.
- Txuas "duab" thiab "luam tawm" kom nws txaus nyiam rau kev nthuav qhia kev kawm ntawm cov rooj nthuav qhia.
Lus Cim Txog Kev Siv Tshuab: Kev siv tshuab lithography ib txwm xav tau cov chaw tshwj xeeb thiab cov txuj ci kev siv tshuab nyuaj heev. Rau lub hom phiaj kev nthuav qhia, kev siv tshuab lithography feem ntau zoo nkauj thaum luam tawm zoo nkauj rau ntawm daim ntawv zoo, nrog rau cov npoo ntawm daim ntawv tseem zoo li qub.
4. Kev Luam Ntawv Screen: Saj Zawg thiab Muaj Xim
Kev luam ntawv silkscreen, lossis kev luam ntawv screen, siv daim ntaub (gauze) uas muaj emulsion npog, tom qab ntawd qhib cov ntu kom pom cov qauv tsim. Cov kua mem raug thawb los ntawm qhov qhib siv lub squeegee, cia nws lo rau cov khoom nruab nrab (ntawv, ntaub, lossis ntoo).
Cov yam ntxwv pom: Serigraphy yog lub npe hu ua cov xim khov kho, cov chaw tiaj tiaj, thiab cov txheej txheem nthuav. Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem ua duab zoo heev, tab sis nws kuj tuaj yeem ua kom pom tseeb thaum ua haujlwm nrog raster, transparencies, lossis cov kua tshwj xeeb.
Cov txiaj ntsig rau kev nthuav qhia:
- Zoo tagnrho rau cov haujlwm muaj xim ci ntsa iab thiab cov qauv niaj hnub.
- Muaj peev xwm luam tawm rau ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv rau kev tshawb nrhiav kev teeb tsa.
- Haum rau cov ntawv tshaj tawm, cov khoom lag luam kos duab, thiab cov haujlwm uas sib tshuam nrog kab lis kev cai pop.
Lus Cim Txog Kev Siv: Ua tib zoo saib xyuas kev sau xim kom meej. Rau kev nthuav qhia, cov xim siv cov kua mem zoo (xws li cov kua mem uas yog dej los yog cov kua mem plastisol) yuav ruaj khov dua thiab zoo li kws tshaj lij. Kuj tseem muaj ib daim ntawv sau txog tsab luam tawm thiab xyoo luam tawm.
5. Monoprint thiab Monotype: Tshwj xeeb tab sis tseem yog Print-based
Thaum cov duab kos uas muaj daim duab me me, cov duab kos uas muaj daim duab intaglio, lossis cov duab kos serigraphy qhia txog kev luam tawm dua tshiab, cov duab monotype thiab cov duab monoprint qhia txog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm ib daim ntawv. Cov duab monotypes yog tsim los ntawm kev pleev xim ncaj qha rau ntawm ib qho chaw du (iav lossis phaj hlau) thiab tom qab ntawd muab tso rau ntawm daim ntawv, ua rau muaj ib qho kev xav thawj zaug. Cov duab monoprints siv tib lub matrix tab sis muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv txhua daim ntawv luam tawm.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov muag: Ua tau sai sai, qhia tau ntau yam, thiab feem ntau zoo li kos duab. Haum rau kev nthuav qhia uas hais txog cov txheej txheem, kev sim, thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm kev taw.
Cov txiaj ntsig rau kev nthuav qhia:
- Txhua txoj haujlwm, txo qhov teeb meem ntawm "ntau txoj haujlwm zoo sib xws".
- Zoo rau kev nthuav qhia cov txheej txheem, piv txwv li qhia cov phaj lossis cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm.
Lus Cim Txog Kev Siv: Vim tias txhua daim duab yog txawv, tus lej ntawm tsab ntawv yuav txawv (piv txwv li, "1/1" lossis "txawv"). Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum piav qhia meej rau ntawm daim ntawv lo rau ntawm daim duab.
6. Kev Luam Ntawv Digital (Giclée, Inkjet Fine Art): Niaj hnub thiab meej
Hauv ntau qhov kev nthuav qhia niaj hnub no, cov duab kos duab zoo nkauj xws li giclée tau txais kev lees txais ntau dua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum txhawb nqa los ntawm lub tswv yim muaj zog thiab cov ntaub ntawv zoo. Cov thev naus laus zis pigment inkjet nrog daim ntawv archival tuaj yeem tsim cov xim ruaj khov thiab cov ntsiab lus siab.
Cov yam ntxwv pom: Zoo heev, huv si, thiab tuaj yeem tso saib cov duab, cov duab sib dhos digital, lossis cov duab kos nyuaj. Kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua ke nrog cov txheej txheem tes (cov ntawv luam tawm tes) rau qhov kov tshwj xeeb.
Cov txiaj ntsig rau kev nthuav qhia:
- Kev sib xws ntawm cov xim ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm.
- Haum rau kev thaij duab lossis cov duab kos duab digital.
- Kev tsim khoom sai dua thiab yoog tau ntau dua rau cov qhov loj.
Lus Cim Txog Kev Siv: Yog xav kom muaj kev ntseeg siab rau kev nthuav qhia, siv daim ntawv archival (tsis muaj kua qaub) thiab cov kua xim, tsis txhob siv cov xim zas ib txwm. Daim ntawv lo yuav tsum qhia meej: "cov kua xim ntawm daim ntawv archival."
Cov Lus Qhia Tseem Ceeb: Tsab Ntawv, Kos Npe, thiab Daim Ntawv Sau Npe ntawm Cov Haujlwm
Hauv kev nthuav qhia duab kos duab, kev ua haujlwm tshaj lij pom tseeb hauv cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm thiab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj. Feem ntau, cov kws kos duab sau ntawv siv cwj mem rau hauv qab ntawm cov haujlwm:
– Tus lej ntawm tsab (piv txwv li 5/20)
- Lub npe ntawm txoj haujlwm
- Xyoo
- Kos Npe
Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, ib qho kev nthuav qhia zoo suav nrog daim ntawv lo nrog cov ntaub ntawv txuj ci tiav: kev siv tshuab, qhov loj ntawm daim ntawv thiab thaj chaw duab, hom ntawv, thiab cov ntaub ntawv txog seb puas muaj kev pleev xim tes lossis kev cuam tshuam tes.
Kev Nthuav Qhia Hauv Chav Ua Yeeb Yam: Kev Tsim Qauv thiab Kev Tiv Thaiv
Cov duab luam tawm no rhiab heev rau lub teeb, av noo, thiab kov. Rau kev nthuav qhia, siv:
- Cov paspartu uas tsis muaj kua qaub (acid-free paspartu) kom tiv thaiv daim ntawv kom tsis txhob daj.
- UV iav lossis UV acrylic kom txo qhov puas tsuaj ntawm xim.
– Ib lub tshuab ua kom lub thav ntawv tsis nias rau ntawm qhov chaw luam ntawv uas muaj cov qauv (tshwj xeeb yog cov intaglio uas muaj cov cim embossed/plate).
- Teeb pom kev zoo uas tsis ci heev thiab nyob deb ntawm cov chaw kub.
Yog tias qhov kev nthuav qhia tsom mus rau kev kawm txog cov txheej txheem, cov haujlwm tuaj yeem tso tawm nrog matrices (woodblocks, etching plates, screens) lossis cov pov thawj (artist proofs/AP) los qhia txog kev taug kev muaj tswv yim.
Kev kaw
Cov txheej txheem luam ntawv muaj ntau yam ua tau, txij li qhov sib txawv ntawm kev luam ntawv zoo nkauj, qhov me me ntawm intaglio, qhov mos mos ntawm lithography, cov xim sib xws ntawm serigraphy, qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm monotype, mus rau qhov tseeb ntawm kev luam ntawv digital. Hauv kev nthuav qhia, kev xaiv cov txheej txheem tsis yog tsuas yog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev zoo nkauj xwb, tab sis kuj yog lub tswv yim ntawm kev nthuav qhia: yuav ua li cas nyeem cov haujlwm ntawm qhov deb, yuav ua li cas cov ntawv tshaj tawm txhawb nqa tus nqi, thiab yuav ua li cas xaiv cov ntaub ntawv kom ntseeg tau tias cov haujlwm ruaj khov thiab zoo nkauj.
Los ntawm kev nkag siab txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua txoj kev thiab siv cov qauv kev nthuav qhia zoo - cov ntawv luam tawm meej, cov ntawv zoo, cov kua cwj mem ruaj khov, thiab kev teeb tsa kom raug - ib daim duab kos duab tuaj yeem tshwm sim tsis yog tsuas yog "luam tawm," tab sis kuj yog ib daim duab kos duab uas tsim nyog rau kev nthuav qhia hauv qhov chaw ua haujlwm.
