Cov duab kos uas siv cov txheej txheem luam ntawv ib txwm muaj
Kev luam ntawv yog ib ceg ntawm kev kos duab zoo nkauj uas hais txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev luam cov duab los ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem luam ntawv. Tsis zoo li cov duab ib leeg uas feem ntau tsuas muaj ib qho version xwb, kev luam ntawv tso cai rau ib txoj haujlwm kom muaj nyob rau hauv ntau tsab, thaum tseem khaws nws cov txiaj ntsig kos duab vim nws yog tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem tes uas xav tau kev txawj, kev ua kom raug, thiab kev nkag siab txog cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv kev txhim kho ntawm cov thev naus laus zis digital, cov txheej txheem luam ntawv ib txwm muaj thiab txawm tias tau txais kev nyiam dua, vim tias lawv nthuav tawm tus cwj pwm pom tshwj xeeb: cov qauv, cov cim cuab yeej, qhov tsis zoo uas yog paj huam, thiab qhov tob ntawm cov txheej txheem uas zoo li "muaj sia nyob."
Kev kos duab thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem luam ntawv ib txwm muaj
Cov txheej txheem luam ntawv ib txwm muaj hauv kev luam ntawv yog hais txog cov txheej txheem uas siv cov cuab yeej thiab cov ntaub ntawv siv lub cev, xws li ntoo, linoleum, phaj hlau, pob zeb lithography, cov kua luam ntawv, thiab cov ntawv tshwj xeeb. Cov txheej txheem feem ntau muaj cov kauj ruam ntev: tsim ib qho kev tsim qauv, npaj cov matrix (cov ntaub ntawv luam ntawv), engraving lossis etching, proofing (sim luam ntawv), thiab tom qab ntawd luam ntawv ua ntu zus kom txog thaum tau txais txiaj ntsig xav tau. Txhua kauj ruam xav tau kev txiav txim siab txog kev kos duab, tsis yog kev txawj xwb. Qhov no yog vim li cas kev luam ntawv ib txwm tsis yog ib txoj hauv kev los tsim cov duab xwb, tab sis yog ib qho chaw qhia tawm nrog nws cov lus pom.
Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev sib txuas lus pom. Ua ntej kev thaij duab thiab cov tshuab luam ntawv niaj hnub no, cov duab kos hauv phau ntawv, cov ntawv tshaj tawm, cov ntawv qhia chaw, thiab txawm tias cov duab kos duab txog kev tshawb fawb feem ntau tau tsim los ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem luam ntawv tes. Hauv lwm lo lus, kev luam ntawv ib txwm muaj tau pab txhawb rau kev nthuav dav ntawm kev paub thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub zej zog.
Cov hom kev luam ntawv ib txwm muaj hauv kev kos duab
Feem ntau, cov txheej txheem luam ntawv ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv kev kos duab muaj peev xwm muab faib ua ntau pawg loj: kev luam ntawv relief, kev luam ntawv intaglio, planography, thiab kev luam ntawv screen (serigraphy). Txhua tus muaj nws cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ua haujlwm thiab cov yam ntxwv pom.
1. Cov ntawv luam tawm: ntoo txiav thiab linocut
Kev luam ntawv siab yog ib txoj kev uas cov cheeb tsam uas tsis tas yuav luam ntawv raug khawb lossis txiav tawm, thaum cov cheeb tsam seem tau txais kua mem thiab raug xa mus rau daim ntawv. Ob txoj kev nrov hauv pawg no yog ntoo txiav / ntoo engraving thiab linocut.
Cov duab kos ntoo siv ib daim ntoo ua ib daim duab matrix. Tus kws kos duab kos ib daim duab rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov ntoo, tom qab ntawd txiav cov cheeb tsam tshwj xeeb nrog rab chisel. Cov duab kos ntoo feem ntau muaj zog, tawv, thiab muaj cov qauv, vim tias cov noob ntoo tuaj yeem tshwm sim ua ib qho khoom pom. Cov txheej txheem no tsim kom muaj kev xav "organic" thiab qhia tawm. Hauv keeb kwm kos duab, cov duab kos ntoo tau lees paub dav los ntawm cov duab kos duab European medieval thiab Renaissance, thiab kuj tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov kab lis kev cai luam tawm Nyiv xws li ukiyo-e.
Linocut siv linoleum es tsis yog ntoo. Vim tias nws qhov chaw mos dua thiab tsis muaj fibrous ntau, linocut tso cai rau cov kab zoo dua thiab cov chaw tiaj tus. Cov txheej txheem no nyiam rau cov qauv tsim bold, kev ua si dub thiab dawb, lossis cov khoom dai kom zoo nkauj. Hauv kev xyaum niaj hnub no, linocut feem ntau siv rau cov ntawv tshaj tawm kos duab, cov duab kos, thiab cov duab kos duab hauv zej zog.
2. Kev luam ntawv Intaglio: etching, engraving, thiab drypoint
Tsis zoo li kev luam ntawv intaglio, kev luam ntawv intaglio ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus sib txawv: cov kua mem raug siv rau ntawm cov chaw etched lossis engraved (indentations) ntawm lub phaj. Lub phaj nto raug ntxuav, tom qab ntawd daim ntawv raug nias kom ruaj khov kom xa cov kua mem los ntawm indentations. Cov ntawv luam tawm intaglio feem ntau muaj cov ntsiab lus ntxaws ntxaws heev, muaj qhov tob ntawm lub suab, thiab feem ntau muaj cov kab zoo nkauj.
Kev kos duab yog txoj kev siv burin los kos cov hlau phaj (feem ntau yog tooj liab lossis zinc). Cov kab uas tshwm sim yog crisp thiab meej, zoo meej rau cov ntsiab lus nyuaj thiab zoo li qub.
Kev kos duab siv cov kua qaub los "tom" rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas raug nthuav tawm ntawm lub phaj. Tus kws kos duab siv cov av (txheej tiv thaiv) los pleev lub phaj, kos duab nrog rab koob kos duab kom pom cov txheej txheem, thiab tom qab ntawd muab lub phaj tso rau hauv cov kua qaub. Cov txheej txheem no tso cai rau kev ywj pheej ntawm kev taw qhia vim tias daim duab raug tsim zoo li kos duab ncaj qha.
Drypoint tsim cov kab ncaj nraim uas tsis muaj kua qaub, ua rau cov kab uas feem ntau mos thiab zoo li plaub (burr), muab qhov kev xav zoo li paj huam thiab sib raug zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, cov burr yooj yim hnav, yog li tus lej ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm feem ntau tsawg dua.
3. Planography (planography): lithography
Kev kos duab lithography ua haujlwm raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus uas roj thiab dej tsis sib tov. Ib txwm muaj, kev kos duab lithography siv limestone. Tus kws kos duab kos rau ntawm lub pob zeb nrog cov xim pleev roj lossis cov kua tshwj xeeb. Tom qab ntawd lub pob zeb raug kho nrog tshuaj lom neeg kom cov khoom ntawm daim duab txais cov kua, thaum lwm qhov tawm tsam cov kua los ntawm kev nqus dej.
Qhov zoo ntawm lithography yog nws lub peev xwm los ntes tau cov duab kos tes zoo: gradations, crayon strokes, thiab me ntsis tonal nuances. Lithography yog siv dav rau cov duab kos duab, cov duab kos, thiab cov haujlwm uas xav tau cov nyhuv pleev xim. Txawm hais tias cov txheej txheem yog qhov nyuaj thiab xav tau cov chaw tshwj xeeb, lithography tseem yog ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem luam ntawv "kos duab" tshaj plaws hauv kev pom kev yooj yim.
4. Kev luam ntawv (serigraphy): kev luam ntawv silk screen ib txwm muaj
Kev luam ntawv silk screen siv cov ntaub gauze (yav tas los feem ntau hu ua silk) ncab hla ib lub thav duab. Cov chaw uas cov kua mem tsis hla dhau yog npog nrog emulsion lossis stencil, thaum cov chaw uas raug tso cai rau cov kua mem kom raug nias rau ntawm daim ntawv lossis ntaub siv squeegee.
Kev kos duab serigraphy muaj npe nrov rau nws cov xim ci ntsa iab, cov chaw tiaj tiaj, thiab muaj peev xwm luam tawm ntawm ntau yam xov xwm, suav nrog cov ntaub. Hauv kev kos duab niaj hnub no, serigraphy feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov ntawv tshaj tawm, kev tsim qauv duab, thiab txawm tias cov duab kos pop. Txawm hais tias cov qauv digital tam sim no muaj, kev kos duab serigraphy ib txwm tseem khaws nws qhov kev nyiam vim yog kev tswj hwm tes ntawm cov kua mem, cov txheej xim, thiab qhov ua tau ntawm kev sim nrog cov qauv thiab pob tshab.
Tus nqi zoo nkauj thiab qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov duab kos duab ib txwm muaj
Kev luam ntawv ib txwm muaj tus cwj pwm tshwj xeeb uas nyuaj rau rov ua dua nrog kev luam ntawv digital. Ua ntej, muaj cov "txheej txheem" pom: nias siab, tuab ntawm cov kua mem, lossis cov qauv ntawm cov duab. Qhov thib ob, txhua daim ntawv luam feem ntau muaj qhov sib txawv me ntsis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv cov txheej txheem xws li ntoo txiav lossis qhuav. Cov kev sib txawv no ua rau txhua daim ntawv luam zoo li tshwj xeeb, txawm tias lawv los ntawm tib lub duab.
Ntxiv rau, cov ntawv luam tawm hauv kev luam ntawv ib txwm muaj cov lej thiab kev lees paub. Cov kws kos duab feem ntau kos npe thiab sau tus lej rau tsab ntawv (piv txwv li, 3/25), qhia txog kev txiav txim luam ntawv hauv tag nrho cov ntawv theej. Qhov no ntxiv tus nqi sau thiab hais txog qhov txwv ntawm kev tsim khoom, piv rau kev tsim ntau yam tsis muaj kev txwv.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj hauv lub hnub nyoog digital
Nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog ntawm kev tsim qauv siv computer thiab cov tshuab luam ntawv siab, cov txheej txheem luam ntawv ib txwm muaj lwm txoj hauv kev uas sib npaug qhov ceev ntawm thev naus laus zis. Ntau tus kws kos duab hluas rov qab mus rau kev kos duab, etching, lossis serigraphy, nrhiav kev qeeb dua thiab xav ntau dua. Cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj kuj txhawb kom sim: sib tov cov txheej txheem, txheej cov ntawv luam tawm, lossis siv cov khoom siv tsis zoo li ntawv ua tes, ntaub, thiab cov chaw rov ua dua tshiab.
Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, qhov rov tshwm sim ntawm cov zej zog hauv chav ua duab, cov rooj cob qhia, thiab cov kev nthuav qhia luam tawm qhia tau tias cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj tseem ceeb. Nws tsis yog tsuas yog kev nco txog yav dhau los xwb, tab sis yog kev xaiv zoo nkauj thiab txoj hauv kev muaj tswv yim: hwm cov ntaub ntawv, txhawb nqa kev ua haujlwm tes ua, thiab txais yuav cov txheej txheem ua ib feem ntawm lub ntsiab lus.
Kev kaw
Kev luam ntawv siv cov txheej txheem luam ntawv ib txwm yog qhov pov thawj tias kev kos duab tsis tas li nrhiav kev txaus siab tam sim ntawd. Txij li cov ntoo txiav thiab cov intaglios ntxaws ntxaws thiab cov lithography zoo nkauj mus rau cov xim ci ntsa iab, cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj ntau yam lus pom. Tom qab txhua nplooj ntawv luam tawm muaj ntau yam kev txiav txim siab kos duab, kev ua tes ua, thiab kev sib tham tob nrog cov ntaub ntawv. Qhov no yog vim li cas kev luam ntawv ib txwm tseem ceeb: nws muab qhov tshwj xeeb, kev ua haujlwm tes ua, thiab kev pom uas tsis tuaj yeem hloov los ntawm thev naus laus zis, tib lub sijhawm qhib cov peev xwm muaj tswv yim tsis kawg rau cov kws kos duab thoob plaws ntau tiam neeg.
