Nā ʻAno o nā Pā a me pehea lākou e hana ai no ka hana ʻana i ka ikehu
ʻO ka mana hydroelectric, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi he hydropower, ʻo ia kekahi o nā kumu ikehu hou a maikaʻi loa. Ma nā ʻāina he nui, ʻo nā hale hana mana hydroelectric (HPP) ke kumu o ka lako uila hilinaʻi a aloha i ke kaiapuni. ʻO kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o kahi ʻōnaehana mana hydroelectric he pā wai. ʻAʻole mālama wale nā pā wai i ka wai akā hoʻoponopono pū i kona kahe ʻana, e ʻae ana iā ia e hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka uila. E kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i nā ʻano pā wai like ʻole a pehea lākou e hana ai i ka hana ikehu.
Nā ʻAno o nā Pā
1. Pā Umekaumaha
ʻO ka pā umekaumaha he ʻano pā e hoʻohana ana i ka umekaumaha o ka Honua e mālama i kona kūpaʻa. Hana ʻia me ka sima a i ʻole nā pōhaku nui, hilinaʻi kēia mau pā i ko lākou kaumaha ponoʻī e kūʻē i ke kaomi wai. ʻO ka maʻamau, he mau paia mānoanoa loa ko nā pā umekaumaha a me nā kahua paʻa e pale ai i nā liki a i ʻole ka hiolo ʻana.
Nā ʻano hana
Hoʻokahe ʻia ka wai i mālama ʻia ma hope o ka pā umekaumaha ma o kahi paipu waihona e kuhikuhi ana i ka wai i ka turbine. Ke hāʻule ka wai ma o kahi turbine, hoʻololi ʻia ka ikehu kinetic o ka wai i ikehu mechanical, a laila hoʻololi ʻia i ikehu uila e kahi mīkini hana i hoʻopili ʻia i ka turbine.
2. Pā Pākū
ʻO nā pā pōhaku sima, i kapa pinepine ʻia he mau pā kaumaha, ua kūkulu ʻia mai ka hui ʻana o ka sima a me ke kila. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā pā umekaumaha, ʻoi aku ka lahilahi a ʻoi aku ka pono o nā mea.
Nā ʻano hana
E like me nā pā umekaumaha, mālama pū nā pā sima i ka wai no ka hana mana hydroelectric. Hoʻokahe ʻia ka wai ma o nā waihona i nā turbine, kahi hana like me nā pā umekaumaha.
3. Pāpū ʻĀkau
Ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā pā hoʻohele e piʻo i lalo a ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. Ma muli o ko lākou ʻano piʻo, hiki iā lākou ke kū i ke kaomi wai me ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea ma mua o nā pā umekaumaha a i ʻole nā pā sima.
Nā ʻano hana
Ma hope o kēia mau ʻākea, hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka wai a laila hoʻokahe ʻia ma o nā paipu i nā turbine. Ma muli o ke kūkulu pinepine ʻia ʻana o nā pā ʻākea ma nā awāwa haiki, hiki ke kau ʻia ka wai e kahe ana i nā turbine ma lalo o ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ka pono o nā turbine a me nā mea hana uila.
4. Nā Pā o ka Embankment
Hana ʻia kēia mau pā mai nā mea kūlohelohe e like me ka lepo, ka pōhaku, a i ʻole ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea ʻelua. ʻOi aku ka mānoanoa a me ka nui o nā pā lepo ma mua o nā pā sima a i ʻole nā pā hoʻoaka.
Nā ʻano hana
ʻO ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o nā pā paʻa lepo i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka mana wai e like me nā ʻano pā ʻē aʻe. Ke kahe nei ka wai i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma o kahi paipu e hoʻokele i ka turbine.
5. Nā Pā Hoʻopaʻa
Kūkulu ʻia kekahi mau pā me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi mau kolamu a i ʻole nā kākoʻo e hoʻoikaika i ka paia o ka pā. ʻAe kēia mau kākoʻo i ka paia o ka pā e lahilahi akā ikaika nō naʻe.
Nā ʻano hana
Hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka wai ma hope o ka pā a hoʻokahe ʻia ma o ke kumu i ka turbine. Kōkua ka hoʻolālā pale ma kēia pā i ka pale ʻana i ke kaomi wai me ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
Kaʻina Hana Ikehu ma nā Hale Hana Mana Hydroelectric
I kēia manawa, e kūkākūkā kākou i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ikehu uila i loko o kahi hale hana hydropower, kahi e hahai ai i kēia mau ʻanuʻu:
1. Ka Mālama Wai
Mālama ʻia ka wai i loko o kahi waihona wai i hana ʻia e kahi pā wai. He mea koʻikoʻi ke kiʻekiʻe o kēia waihona wai e pili ana i ka hale waihona a me ka hale turbine no ka mea e hoʻoholo ai i ka ikehu hiki o ka wai i mālama ʻia.
2. Ke kuhikuhi wai
Hoʻokele ʻia ka wai i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o ka waihona wai ma o kahi penstock, kahi paipu nui a i ʻole kahi ana e alakaʻi ai i ka wai i kahi turbine. Ke kahe nei ka wai i lalo o ka penstock, ua hoʻololi ʻia kona ikehu hiki i ka ikehu kinetic.
3. Kaʻa Turbine
Hoʻopilikia ka wai e kahe ana me ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe i nā ʻōpuʻu turbine, e hoʻohuli ana i ka turbine. ʻO kēia ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ikehu kinetic o ka wai i ka ikehu mechanical.
4. Hana Uila
Ua pili ka turbine i kahi mīkini hana. Ke wili ka turbine, wili pū ka mīkini hana, e hana ana i ka uila ma o ka hoʻokomo electromagnetic.
5. Ka Hoʻolaha Uila
Hoʻouna ʻia ka uila i hana ʻia e ka mīkini hana ma o kahi mea hoʻololi uila e hoʻonui i kona volta i hiki ai ke hāʻawi ʻia i ka pūnaewele uila no ka hoʻohana ʻana e nā mea kūʻai.
Nā Pōmaikaʻi a me nā Pilikia
He nui nā pono o nā mea kanu mana hydroelectric, e like me:
– Aloha kaiapuni: ʻAʻole ia e hoʻopuka i nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo e like me nā hale hana mana wahie fossil.
– Paʻa: Hiki i nā pā wai a me nā ʻoihana hana hydroelectric ke mau no nā makahiki he ʻumi.
– Ka Mālama ʻana i ka Ikehu: ʻAe nā pā i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai no ka wā lōʻihi, i hiki ai ke hana i ka ikehu e like me ka mea e pono ai.
– Nā hana like ʻole: Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā pā wai no ka hoʻoinu ʻana i ka wai, ka kaohi ʻana i ke kahe ʻana o ka wai, a me ka hana leʻaleʻa.
Eia nō naʻe, he nui nā pilikia o ka hydropower:
– Nā Hopena Kaiaola: Hiki i nā pā ke hoʻopilikia i nā kaiaolaola muliwai a me nā mea ola wai.
– Kumukūʻai Kiʻekiʻe: He pipiʻi loa ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pā wai a me nā ʻoihana pili.
– Ka pilikia o nā leaka a me ka hiolo ʻana: ʻOiai he mea kakaikahi, aia ka pilikia o nā leaka a i ʻole ka hiolo ʻana a hiki ke hana i nā pōʻino nui.
Ka Manawa e Hiki Mai Ana
Me ka piʻi ʻana o ke koi no ka ikehu maʻemaʻe a me ka ikehu hou, ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka hiki ke loaʻa nā pā wai a me ka ʻenehana hydroelectric. Ke kaulana nei nā manaʻo e like me ka pumped storage hydroelectricity, kahi e hoʻohana ai i ʻelua mau waihona wai ma nā kiʻekiʻe like ʻole e mālama i ka ikehu. Eia kekahi, ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana turbine ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka launa pū me ke kaiapuni.
I kēia au o ka loli o ke aniau, kahi e lilo ai ka hoʻēmi ʻana i nā hoʻokuʻu kalapona i mea nui i ka honua holoʻokoʻa, hāʻawi ka hydropower i kahi hopena hoʻomau. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻano pā a me ke ʻano o kā lākou hana, hiki iā mākou ke kākoʻo i nā pahuhopu ikehu hou a hōʻemi i ka hopena o nā hana a kānaka i ke kaiapuni.
ʻO ka ʻike a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano pā like ʻole a me ke ʻano o kā lākou hana ʻana i ka hana ikehu e hiki ai iā mākou ke mahalo i ka ʻenehana holomua i hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻohana i kekahi o nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe koʻikoʻi o ka Honua—ʻo ia hoʻi ka wai. Hāʻawi pū kēia ʻike i kahi kahua koʻikoʻi no ka hana hou aʻe e hiki ai ke kākoʻo i kahi wā e hiki mai ana no ka ikehu maʻemaʻe a hoʻomau.
