Nā ʻAno o nā Puka a me nā Valves no ka Mana Hoʻokele Wai ma nā Hale Mana Hydroelectric
Hana nā mea kanu mana hydroelectric (PLTA) ma ke kumu maʻalahi akā koi i ka mana pololei loa: hoʻololi ʻia ka ikehu hiki o ka wai i ikehu mechanical i loko o kahi turbine, a laila i ikehu uila ma o kahi mīkini hana. Ma hope o kēia kaʻina hana aia kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻomalu kahe wai paʻakikī e hōʻoia i ka hana palekana, paʻa, pono, a maʻalahi hoʻi e mālama. ʻElua mau ʻāpana koʻikoʻi i loko o kēia ʻōnaehana he mau puka a me nā valves. Hana nā mea ʻelua e hoʻoponopono, hoʻokaʻawale, a hoʻopaʻa i ke kahe wai ma nā wahi like ʻole - mai ka intake a me ka penstock a i ka wahi turbine. Kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i nā ʻano puka a me nā valves i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā mea kanu mana hydroelectric, me kā lākou mau hana a me nā ʻano.
Ke Kuleana o nā Puka a me nā Valves i nā Mea Hana Mana Hydroelectric
Ma keʻano laulā, hoʻohana ʻia nā puka pā ma ke ʻano he "puka" ma nā kahawai nui a i ʻole nā wehe ʻana, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā kahe kiʻekiʻe a me kekahi mau kūlana poʻo. Loaʻa pinepine nā puka pā i nā hale kīwila e like me nā intake, nā spillways, a me nā kahawai hoʻokahe. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o nā valves i nā ʻōnaehana paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia (e.g., penstocks, bypasses, drains, a i ʻole nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoluʻu) a ua hoʻolālā ʻia e kū i nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā mana hoʻomalu maikaʻi a hoʻokaʻawale paha.
ʻO nā hana nui o nā puka pā a me nā valves i loko o nā mea kanu mana hydroelectric:
1. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke kahe: ke ʻoki ʻana i ke kahe i ka wā o ka nānā ʻana, ka mālama ʻana, a i ʻole ka pilikia.
2. Ka mana hoʻokuʻu: hoʻoponopono i ka nui o ke kahe i ka turbine a i ʻole ka ʻōnaehana kōkua.
3. Ka palekana o nā lako: ka pale ʻana i ka hāmare wai, ka palena ʻana i ke kaomi, a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā turbine a me nā penstock i nā kūlana maʻamau ʻole.
4. Hana ulia pōpilikia: ʻae i ka pani wikiwiki e pale i ka ʻōnaehana.
Nā ʻAno o nā Puka (Nā Puka Wai) ma nā Hale Mana Hydroelectric
1. Puka Paheʻe (Puka Paʻa)
ʻO ka puka paheʻe he puka paheʻe kū pololei e neʻe ana i luna a i lalo e wehe a pani paha i ke kahe. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia ʻano i nā wahi komo, nā ʻauwai, a i ʻole nā kahawai hoʻokahe/holo. ʻO kona mau pono e komo pū me ke kūkulu maʻalahi, ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, a me kona kūpono no nā puka nui. Hiki ke hoʻohana lima ʻia nā puka paheʻe, uila, a hydraulic paha, ma muli o ka nui a me nā koi.
Nā hoʻohana maʻamau: kahawai lawe, kahawai hoʻokahe lepo, kahawai bypass.
2. Puka Radial (Puka Tainter)
He ʻano piʻo ko nā puka Radial me nā trunnions, e ʻae ana i ka hoʻolaha maikaʻi ʻana o ka ikaika wai. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia mau puka i nā pā wai a me nā ala hoʻokahe wai no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke lawelawe i nā hoʻokuʻu nui me ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻoikaika ma mua o nā puka paheʻe nui. ʻAe pū nā puka Radial i ka kaohi wikiwiki ʻana i nā pae wai o ka waihona wai.
Nā hoʻohana maʻamau: nā puka wai hoʻokahe, nā hana puka ma nā pā wai, nā mea hoʻoponopono pae waihona wai.
3. Puka Huila Paʻa
He ʻano like ʻole kēia o ka puka paheʻe, akā he mau huila kona ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka puka, e hōʻemi nui ana i ka friction i ka wā e wehe ai a pani ai. Hoʻohana ʻia nā puka huila paʻa no nā puka nui a i ʻole ke kaomi wai kiʻekiʻe e hoʻonui loa i ka friction o kahi puka paheʻe maʻamau.
Nā noi maʻamau: nā puka komo nui, nā puka komo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, nā puka lawelawe ma nā hale komo.
4. Puka Roller
Hoʻohana nā puka wili i nā wili cylindrical e kākoʻo i ka ukana a hoʻomaʻalahi i ka neʻe ʻana o ka puka. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā puka huila paʻa, kūpono nā puka wili no nā puka nui loa a me nā ukana kaumaha. Eia nō naʻe, koi pū lākou i ka paʻakikī mechanical kiʻekiʻe a me nā koi mālama.
Nā hoʻohana maʻamau: nā ala wai nui a i ʻole nā puka wai, nā ʻīpuka ma nā pā me ka hoʻokuʻu nui.
5. Puka ʻŌpae
ʻO ka maʻamau, lawe nā puka flap i ke ʻano o nā puka hinged e wehe ana ma muli o ke kaomi kahe hoʻokahi ala a pani i ka wā e hoʻi ai ke kahe. I loko o ke ʻano o nā hale hana mana hydroelectric, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā puka flap i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokahe wai, nā ʻauwai, a i ʻole nā puka kikoʻī e pale aku i ke kahe hou ʻana e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā hana a i ʻole ke kahe ʻana i nā wahi kikoʻī.
Nā hoʻohana maʻamau: nā ʻauwai, nā puka hoʻihoʻi wai, nā ʻōnaehana pale waikahe kūloko.
6. Ka Puka Stoplog a me ka Bulkhead
ʻAʻole e like me nā puka i hana mau ʻia, ʻo nā stoplogs a me nā puka bulkhead he mau mea pani no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana no ka manawa pōkole. ʻO nā stoplogs he mau poloka i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma nā alahao e pani i nā puka, ʻoiai ʻo nā puka bulkhead he puka hoʻokahi nui i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka wā o ka nānā ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana. He mea nui kēia mau ʻāpana no ka palekana i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana i ka intake a i ʻole ka penstock.
Nā noi maʻamau: ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka intake, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā duct ma mua o ka hana mālama.
Nā ʻano o nā Valves i nā mea kanu mana hydroelectric
1. Pākuʻi Pepeiao
Hoʻohana nā kiwikā pepeke i kahi diski wili e wehe/pani i ke kahe. He mea kaulana kēia mau kiwikā ma muli o ko lākou hoʻolālā liʻiliʻi, māmā ke kaumaha, a kūpono no nā anawaena nui. I loko o nā hale hana mana hydroelectric, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā kiwikā pepeke ma ke ʻano he mau kiwikā komo nui (MIV) ma kekahi mau ʻāpana, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā poʻo waena, a i ʻole he mau kiwikā hoʻokaʻawale ma nā laina bypass a me nā ʻōnaehana kōkua.
ʻO ke kumu nui, ʻo ia ka hoʻolālā a me ke sila ʻana i nā noi kaomi kiʻekiʻe loa, pono e hilinaʻi loa ʻia ka hoʻolālā a me ke sila ʻana e pale aku i nā leaka a me nā haʻalulu.
Nā noi maʻamau: penstock a i ka turbine (ma muli o ka hoʻolālā), nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoluʻu, nā laina hoʻokahe a me nā by-pass.
2. Pāpale Pōʻai (Pāpale Pōpō no nā Mea Hana Mana Hydroelectric)
Ma ke ʻano o ka hydropower, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo spherical valve e pili ana i kahi valve pōpō nui i hoʻolālā kūikawā ʻia no ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe a me nā kahe kiʻekiʻe. Hāʻawi kēia mau valves i nā waiwai sila maikaʻi loa a kūpono no nā koi hoʻokaʻawale poʻo kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā valves spherical ma ke ʻano he MIV i nā hale hana mana kiʻekiʻe, e hāʻawi ana i ka palekana hou aʻe i ka wā e pono ai ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana turbine.
Nā noi maʻamau: ke komo ʻana o ka turbine nui ma ke poʻo kiʻekiʻe, ka penstock nui.
3. Kiwikā nila
Hoʻohana nā kiwikā nila i kahi "nila" kiko a i ʻole plug e hoʻoponopono pono i ke kahe. I loko o nā hale hana mana hydroelectric, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā kiwikā nila i nā ʻōnaehana bypass, ka hoʻokele kahe ʻana o ka wai, a i ʻole nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomaha kaomi kikoʻī. ʻO ko lākou pono nui ko lākou hiki ke hoʻomalu pololei i ke kahe, ʻoiai ma nā kahe haʻahaʻa a waena, a kūpono lākou no ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pilikia o nā piʻi kaomi.
Nā noi maʻamau: penstock bypass, hoʻopiha/hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ke kaomi, nā ʻōnaehana kaohi kahe pololei.
4. Pākuʻi Puka (Pākuʻi Puka no ka Paipu)
Ma waho aʻe o nā puka pā e like me nā puka wai kīwila, aia kekahi mau kiwikā puka i loko o nā ʻōnaehana paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. He kūpono kēia mau kiwikā no nā hana on/off (isolation) no ka mea i ka wā e wehe piha ai, hāʻawi lākou i ka pale ʻana i ke kahe ʻana. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole kūpono nā kiwikā puka no ka throttling (nā hoʻonohonoho hapa-hāmama) no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoulu i ka ʻino a me ka haʻalulu.
Nā hoʻohana maʻamau: ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā paipu kōkua, nā ʻauwai, a me nā laina lawelawe.
5. Kiwikā Honua
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kiwikā honua no ka kaohi ʻana i ke kahe ʻana (throttling) no ka mea ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka kaohi ʻana i ko lākou mau ʻano kahe ma mua o nā kiwikā puka. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka emi ʻana o ke kaomi. I loko o nā hale hana mana hydroelectric, loaʻa pinepine nā kiwikā honua i nā ʻōnaehana instrumentation, nā laina hoʻoluʻu, ka lubrication, a me nā ʻōnaehana pneumatic/hydraulic e kākoʻo ana i ka hana turbine-generator.
Nā noi maʻamau: kaohi kahe ʻōnaehana kōkua, nā laina hoʻoluʻu, nā ʻōnaehana lubrication.
6. Kiwikā Nānā (Kiwikā Hoʻi ʻole)
Pale nā kiwikā nānā i ke kahe hope e hiki ke hōʻino i nā pamu, hoʻopilikia i ke kūpaʻa o ka ʻōnaehana, a i ʻole ke kumu o ke kaomi hope ma luna o nā lako. I loko o nā hale hana mana hydroelectric, he mea nui nā kiwikā nānā no nā ʻōnaehana pamu hoʻokahe wai, nā ʻōnaehana wai hoʻoluʻu, a me kekahi mau laina e pili ana i ka hana turbine.
Nā mea hoʻohana maʻamau: nā ʻōnaehana pamu, ka wai hoʻoluʻu, nā paipu hoʻokahe, nā ʻōnaehana hoʻopiha.
7. Pākuʻi Hoʻomaha Kaomi a me ka Pākuʻi Ea
Ke kū nei nā hale hana mana hydroelectric i ka pilikia o ka hāmare wai a me nā loli o ke kaomi. No laila, hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia nā kiwikā hoʻomaha kaomi e hoʻomaha i ke kaomi keu, a me nā kiwikā ea (nā kiwikā hoʻokuʻu ea/vacuum) e hoʻokuʻu i ka ea i paʻa a pale aku i ka vacuum e hiki ke hōʻino i nā paipu. ʻOiai ʻaʻole mau nā "kiwikā nui," he mea nui kēia mau kiwikā no ka palekana o ka ʻōnaehana paipu.
Nā hoʻohana maʻamau: ka pale ʻana o ka penstock, nā wahi kiʻekiʻe o ka paipu, nā ʻōnaehana palekana kaomi.
Nā Manaʻo no ke Koho ʻana i ka Puka a me ka Valve
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ke koho ʻana o nā ʻano puka a me nā valve no ka mea e pili ana ia i nā kūlana o ka hale hana mana hydroelectric, me:
– Poʻo (kiʻekiʻe o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka wai) a me ke kaomi hana
- Hoʻolālā hoʻokuʻu a me ke anawaena o ke kahawai/paipu
– Nā koi hana: pono ka hoʻokaʻawale wale nō a i ʻole ka kaohi kahe pololei
– Ka wikiwiki o ka pani ʻana a me ka pilikia o ka piʻi ʻana o ka wai/hāmare wai
– Nā kūlana o ka lepo a me nā ʻōpala (nā lālā, nā ʻōpala, ke one)
– Hilinaʻi o ke sila ʻana a me ka maʻalahi o ka nānā ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana
- ʻŌnaehana hoʻokele: manual, uila, hydraulic, a i ʻole ka hui pū ʻana
Eia kekahi laʻana, no nā poʻo kiʻekiʻe a me nā koi hoʻokaʻawale palekana loa, makemake pinepine ʻia nā kiwikā poepoe ma mua o nā kiwikā pepeke. Eia nō naʻe, no nā anawaena nui me ka palena o ka wahi a me nā koi hoʻokaʻawale waiwai, hiki i nā kiwikā pepeke ke lilo i hopena kūpono.
Pani
He mau ʻāpana koʻikoʻi nā puka pā a me nā kiwikā i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kahe wai i loko o nā hale hana mana hydroelectric, ma nā ʻoihana kīwila e like me nā puka komo a me nā ala hoʻokahe wai a ma nā ʻōnaehana paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e like me nā penstock a me nā laina kōkua. He kuleana koʻikoʻi nā puka paheʻe, nā puka radial, nā puka huila paʻa, a me nā stoplog i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā puka nui a me ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka wai waihona. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā kiwikā pepeke, nā kiwikā poepoe, nā kiwikā nila, nā kiwikā poepoe, a me nā kiwikā pale like ʻole e hōʻoia i ke kahe i kāohi ʻia, palekana, a paʻa i nā turbines ma lalo o ke kaomi.
Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano o kēlā me kēia ʻano puka a me ka valve, hiki i nā mea hoʻokele hydropower a me nā mea hoʻolālā ke hoʻoholo i nā mea kūpono loa e kākoʻo i ka pono o ka hana ʻana, e hōʻemi i ka pilikia o ka hōʻino ʻana, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka palekana hana lōʻihi a me ka hilinaʻi.
