Pehea e hana ai ke kaʻina hana photosynthesis i nā mea kanu
He hana biochemical ka photosynthesis i mea nui i ke ola ma ka Honua, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā mea kanu. Ma o ka photosynthesis, hoʻololi nā mea kanu i ka ikehu o ka lā i ikehu kemika ma ke ʻano o ka glucose, a laila hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he kumu ikehu no ka ulu ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana. E wehewehe hohonu kēia ʻatikala pehea e hana ai ka photosynthesis i nā mea kanu, mai nā ʻano cellular e pili ana i nā kuleana o nā hui koʻikoʻi i kēia kaʻina hana.
Hoʻolauna Kumu
Hana ʻia ka photosynthesis i loko o nā chloroplasts, nā organelles kūikawā i loko o nā cell mea kanu. Loaʻa i nā chloroplasts kahi pigment ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ʻike ʻia ʻo chlorophyll, nona ka hiki ke hopu i ka ikehu mālamalama mai ka lā. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kaʻina hana o ka photosynthesis i ʻelua mau pae nui: nā hopena mālamalama (e pono ai ka mālamalama) a me nā hopena ʻeleʻele (ʻaʻole pono ka mālamalama). Hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau pae ʻelua a he kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hana ʻana o nā kō maʻalahi e like me ka glucose mai ke kalapona ʻokikene a me ka wai.
ʻO ke ʻano o ke kelepona a me nā organelles i pili
1. Nā Chloroplasts: ʻO nā Chloroplasts ke kahua mua o ka photosynthesis. Loaʻa i kēia mau organelles ʻelua mau membrane a loaʻa iā lākou nā thylakoids, e hana ana i ka grana. ʻO Thylakoids kahi e hana ʻia ai nā hopena māmā o ka photosynthesis.
2. Chlorophyll: Hoʻopili kēia pigment i ka lā, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā wahi polū a me ka ʻulaʻula o ka spectrum, a hōʻike i ka mālamalama ʻōmaʻomaʻo, no laila e ʻike ʻia nā mea kanu he ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
3. Stroma: ʻO ke wai e hoʻopiha ana i nā chloroplasts ma waho o nā thylakoids, kahi e hana ʻia ai nā hopena ʻeleʻele o ka photosynthesis.
Ka Hana Māmā
Hana ʻia nā hopena māmā i loko o ka membrane thylakoid a koi i ka mālamalama ma ke ʻano he kumu ikehu. ʻO ke kumu nui o kēia mau hopena, ʻo ia ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikehu māmā i ikehu kemika ma ke ʻano o ATP (adenosine triphosphate) a me NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), ʻo ia mau mea ʻelua i hoʻohana ʻia i nā hopena pōʻeleʻele.
1. Ka Omo ʻana o ka Mālamalama: Hoʻomoʻa ka chlorophyll i loko o nā thylakoids i ka ikehu mālamalama. A laila hoʻoili ʻia kēia ikehu i ke kikowaena hopena ma ka photosystem II.
2. Photolysis Wai: Ua wāwahi ʻia ka wai i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā enzymes ma ka photosystem II i oxygen, protons, a me nā electrons. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka oxygen ma ke ʻano he huahana ʻaoʻao i ka lewa.
3. Hoʻoili Uila: Kahe nā uila mai ka photolysis wai ma o ke kaulahao halihali uila, kahi ʻano ala protein e hoʻopuka i ka ikehu e pamu i nā protons i loko o ka lumen thylakoid, e hana ana i kahi gradient proton.
4. Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo ATP: Hoʻoulu ka gradient proton i ka enzyme ATP synthase e hoʻololi i ka ADP (adenosine diphosphate) i ATP.
5. Hoʻemi ʻia ʻo NADP+: Hoʻohana ʻia nā electrons e hōʻea i ka photosystem I a loaʻa i ka ikehu māmā hou aku e hoʻemi iā NADP+ i NADPH.
Ka Hana Pōʻeleʻele (Calvin Cycle)
ʻO nā hopena ʻeleʻele, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo Calvin Cycle, hana ʻia ma ka stroma o nā chloroplasts a ʻaʻole pono ka mālamalama. Hoʻohana lākou i ka ATP a me NADPH i hana ʻia i loko o nā hopena mālamalama e hoʻololi i ke kalapona dioxide i glucose.
1. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kalapona: Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka CO2 mai ka lewa e ka enzyme Rubisco i loko o nā molekala 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA).
2. Hoʻemi ʻana: Ma o kahi moʻo o nā hopena e hoʻohana ana i ka ATP a me NADPH, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka 3-PGA i glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P/GA3P), he kō maʻalahi.
3. Ka hana hou ʻana o RuBP: Hoʻohana ʻia kekahi o ka G3P e hana hou i ka glucose a me nā kalapona ʻē aʻe, aʻo kekahi e hoʻohana ʻia e hana hou i ka ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP), ka molekala e hoʻomaka ai i kēia pōʻaiapuni.
Nā kumu e pili ana i ka Photosynthesis
Hoʻopili ʻia ka photosynthesis e nā kumu like ʻole o ke kaiapuni, me ka ikaika o ka mālamalama, ka nui o ka CO2, ka mahana, a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai.
1. Ikaika o ke Kukui: ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ikaika o ke kukui, ʻo ka nui aʻe o ka ikehu i loaʻa no nā hopena kukui, a hiki i kahi kiko saturation.
2. Ka nui o ke CO2: ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o nā nui o ka CO2 e hoʻonui i ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ke kalapona a hiki i ka pae saturation.
3. Mahana: Hoʻopilikia ka mahana i ka hana o nā enzymes photosynthetic. Aia kahi mahana kūpono e hana pono ai nā enzymes, ma waena o 25 a me 30°C no ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu.
4. Loaʻa ka wai: ʻO ka wai kekahi o nā mea hana i ka photolysis a he mea nui hoʻi no ka mālama ʻana i ke kaomi turgor o ke kelepona.
Ke Koʻikoʻi o ka Photosynthesis
ʻO ka photosynthesis ke kumu o ka hapa nui o nā kaulahao meaʻai ma ka Honua. ʻAʻole ia e hāʻawi wale i ka oxygen a mākou e hanu ai akā hoʻopuka pū i ka ikehu kemika i hoʻohana ʻia e nā meaola ola āpau.
1. Hana ʻana o ka Oxygen: He mea nui loa ka oxygen i hana ʻia mai ka photolysis wai no ke ola aerobic.
2. Kumu Ikehu: ʻO ka glucose i hana ʻia e ka photosynthesis ke kumu ikehu nui no nā mea kanu a, ma ke ʻano ʻē, no nā mea ola ʻē aʻe a pau o ka ʻōnaehana ola.
3. Ka Pōʻaiapuni Kalapona: He kuleana koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ka photosynthesis i ke pōʻaiapuni kalapona honua ma o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o CO2 i ka lewa.
Nā Noi ʻenehana Biotechnology
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i ke kaʻina hana o ka photosynthesis ua alakaʻi ʻia ai i nā ʻano noi biotechnological like ʻole, e like me nā mea kanu ʻenekinia e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mālamalama a i ʻole CO2, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻonui i nā hua mahiʻai a kōkua i ke kaua ʻana i ka loli o ke aniau.
Ka hopena
He hana paʻakikī akā hoʻoponopono nui ʻia ka photosynthesis e pili ana i nā hopena kemika a me ke kino he nui. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia kaʻina hana e hāʻawi i nā ʻike hohonu i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o nā mea kanu a me ko mākou mau kaiaolaola a hāʻawi i ka hiki ke hoʻohana i kēia ʻano hana no nā pono mahiʻai a me ke kaiapuni. Mai ka omo ʻana o ka mālamalama e ka chlorophyll a hiki i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka glucose i loko o ka Calvin Cycle, hōʻike kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu o ka photosynthesis i ke kupanaha kūlohelohe e hiki ai i ke ola ke hoʻomau ma ko mākou honua.
