ʻO ke Kumumanaʻo o Alfred Wegener no ke Kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka ʻĀina Nui
He kanaka kilo hōkū a he kanaka kālaihonua ʻo Alfred Wegener i hānau ʻia ma Kelemania, i ʻike nui ʻia no kāna kumumanaʻo kipi o ka hoʻokumu ʻāina. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, ua hāpai ʻo Wegener i kahi kuhiakau ua hui pū ʻia nā ʻāina o kēia wā i hoʻokahi ʻāina nui āna i kapa ai ʻo Pangea. Ma hope mai ua kapa ʻia kēia kumumanaʻo ʻo ia ka Continental Drift Theory.
Kumu a me ke Kumu o ke Kumumanaʻo
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Alfred Wegener ma Nowemapa 1, 1880, ma Pelelina, Kelemānia. Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kāna ʻoihana, ua hōʻike ʻo Wegener i ka hoihoi nui i nā ʻepekema kūlohelohe, ʻoiai ka meteorology a me ka geophysics. I ka makahiki 1912, ua hōʻike mua ʻo Wegener i kona mau manaʻo no ka continental drift ma o kekahi mau puke paʻi ʻepekema a me nā haʻiʻōlelo. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i kona mau manaʻo ka ʻae nui ʻia a hiki i kekahi mau makahiki ma hope.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā manaʻo o Wegener ma luna o kekahi mau nānā ʻana i paʻakikī ke wehewehe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumumanaʻo i loaʻa i kēlā manawa. ʻO kekahi o nā nānā koʻikoʻi loa, ʻo ia ka like o nā kahakai ma waena o nā ʻāina nui o ka Moana ʻAkelanika, ʻoiai ma waena o ke kahakai komohana o ʻApelika a me ke kahakai hikina o ʻAmelika Hema. He mea kupanaha loa kēia ʻano like ʻole e manaʻo ʻia he mea kūlike wale nō.
Nā hōʻike e kākoʻo ana i ke kumumanaʻo o Wegener
Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Wegener i kāna kumumanaʻo ma nā ʻano hōʻike like ʻole. Eia kekahi o nā ʻāpana hōʻike nui e kākoʻo ana i ke kumumanaʻo continental drift:
1. Kūpono Ke ʻAno o ka ʻĀina Nui:
Me he mea lā ua hui pū ʻia nā kahakai o nā ʻāina e like me ʻApelika a me ʻAmelika Hema e like me nā ʻāpana puzzle kaʻawale. Hōʻike kēia ua hui pū ʻia paha nā ʻāina a laila hoʻokaʻawale ʻia.
2. Nā ʻIli Kūlohelohe like ma nā ʻĀina ʻokoʻa:
Ua loaʻa nā mōlina like, e like me ko ka reptile Mesosaurus, ma ʻApelika a me ʻAmelika Hema. Hōʻike kēia ua kokoke kēia mau ʻāina nui kekahi i kekahi ma mua o ka neʻe ʻana i ko lākou mau wahi i kēia manawa.
3. Nā ʻano like ma ke ʻano Geological:
Aia nā ʻano like i nā hoʻonohonoho pōhaku a me nā ʻano honua ma nā ʻāina mamao. No ka laʻana, ua like nā mauna ʻo Appalachian ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau me nā mauna ma Scotland a me Greenland.
4. Paleoclimatology:
Hōʻike nā hōʻike mai nā haʻawina o ke aniau kahiko ua loaʻa i nā wahi anu i kēia manawa (e like me Antarctica) ke aniau wela, hiki ke wehewehe ʻia e ko lākou kūlana kokoke aku i ka equator i ka wā ma mua.
Ka Hoʻohewa Mua a me ka Hōʻole ʻia
ʻOiai nā hōʻike ikaika, ua kū ka manaʻo o Wegener i ka hoʻohewa nui ʻia i ka wā mua. ʻAʻole hiki i nā kānaka ʻepekema i kēlā manawa ke ʻae i kona manaʻo no ka mea ʻaʻohe ʻano hana maopopo e wehewehe ai pehea e neʻe ai nā ʻāina. Ua hāpai ʻo Wegener iho i kekahi mau ʻano hana i hōʻoia ʻia ma hope he lawa ʻole, e like me ke kuhiakau ʻana ʻo ka ikaika centrifugal a me ka huki ʻana o ke kai o ka umekaumaha o ka Mahina ke kumu o ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻāina.
Ma muli o ka nele o kahi ʻano hana i ʻae ʻia a me nā hōʻike hou aku, ua hōʻole ka nui o nā geologists conservative o kona manawa i nā manaʻo o Wegener. Ua mau kēia kūʻē a hiki i ka waena o ke kenekulia 20, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai nā hōʻike hou e kākoʻo ana i ka ʻauwana ʻāina.
Ka Hoʻokahuli ʻEpekema: Kākoʻo no ke Kumumanaʻo o nā Plate Tectonics
Ua hoʻomaka ka manaʻo o Wegener e ʻae nui ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka geology moana a me ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā plate tectonics i nā makahiki 1960. Ua hāʻawi kēia ʻike i kahi ʻano hana kūpono a hiki ke hoʻāʻo ʻia e wehewehe i ke ʻano o ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāina nui.
ʻŌlelo ke kumumanaʻo o nā tectonics plate ʻo ka ʻili o ka Honua he mau papa nui e lana ana ma luna o kahi papa semi-liquid i kapa ʻia ʻo asthenosphere. Neʻe kēia mau papa ma muli o nā au convection i loko o ka mantle ma lalo. ʻO kēia mau palena papa nā wahi o ka hana geological ikaika, me nā ōlaʻi, nā lua pele, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā mauna.
ʻO kekahi mau hōʻike koʻikoʻi e kākoʻo ana i ke kumumanaʻo o nā tectonics plate :
1. Ka Makeneka ma ka Papahele o ke Kai:
Hōʻike nā ʻano magnetic ma ka papahele o ke kai i kahi ʻano kaha like ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ke kualono waena o ke kai. Kākoʻo kēia i ke kumumanaʻo e hoʻohou mau ʻia ka papahele o ke kai ma o ke kaʻina hana o ka hohola ʻana o ka papahele o ke kai.
2. Ka Hoʻolaha ʻana o ka ʻŌlaʻi Honua:
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻōlaʻi ma nā palena o nā papa honua, e hāʻawi ana i nā hōʻailona e pili ana i ka hana a me ka neʻe ʻana o kēlā mau papa honua.
3. ʻAno Hoʻolaha o ka Lua Pele:
Loaʻa ka hapa nui o nā lua pele a puni nā palena o nā papa honua, e like me ka "Ring of Fire" a puni ka Moana Pākīpika, kahi e hōʻike ana i ka pilina o nā papa tectonic.
Ka Hoʻoilina o Alfred Wegener
ʻOiai ua make ʻo Wegener i ka makahiki 1930 me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o kāna kumumanaʻo, ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻole ʻia kāna mau hāʻawi i ka geology. He paionia ʻo Wegener nona nā manaʻo i hala ma mua o kona manawa. ʻO ka ʻae ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kumumanaʻo continental drift i hāʻawi i kahi kahua paʻa no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi kumumanaʻo piha o ka plate tectonics.
ʻIke ʻia ke koʻikoʻi o ka hana a Wegener ʻaʻole wale ma ka geology akā ma ke ʻano o ko mākou hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka mōʻaukala a me nā dinamika o ko mākou honua. ʻAʻole wale ʻo Pangea e wehewehe i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā ʻāina i kēia manawa akā kōkua pū kekahi iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ka loli o ke aniau i hala, ka ulu ʻana o ke ola, a me nā hanana geological honua like ʻole.
ʻO ka mea hope loa, ua aʻo mai ʻo Alfred Wegener iā mākou i ke koʻikoʻi o ka pili ʻana i nā loina ʻepekema e ʻimi i nā kuhiakau wiwo ʻole a me nā kuhiakau like ʻole, ʻoiai inā i ka wā mua ke kūʻē nei lākou i ka naʻauao maʻamau. Hōʻike kēia hana hou i mua i ke ʻano o ka holomua ʻepekema a me ka hoʻohou ʻana o ka ʻike kanaka i ko kākou ao.
Ka hopena
ʻO ke kumumanaʻo o Alfred Wegener no ka hoʻokumu ʻāina ʻana kekahi o nā kumu nui o ka geology hou. ʻOiai ua hōʻole mua ʻia, ʻo nā hōʻike āna i hōʻike ai, me ke kumumanaʻo hope o ka plate tectonics, ua hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ko mākou hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka dinamika o ka ʻili o ka Honua. ʻAʻole wale ka Continental drift he hōʻike no ka elasticity a me ka evolution o ka Honua, akā he hōʻailona hoʻi no ke ʻano e ulu mau ana a me ka adaptive o ka manaʻo ʻepekema. Ke mau nei nā hāʻawi a Wegener i ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻepekema a ke hoʻomau nei i ka hoʻohuli i ke aʻo ʻana i ka geology a me ka geophysics a hiki i kēia lā.
