Ka wehewehe ʻana i nā pōʻai Arctic a me Antarctic
ʻO ka Arctic Circle a me ka Antarctic Circle ʻelua mau laina hoʻokalakupua o ka latitude i ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia i ka ʻike honua, ka ʻike hōkū, a me ka ʻepekema aniau. ʻAʻole lākou he mau "laina" ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻili o ka Honua, akā he mau palena ʻāina e hōʻailona ana i nā wahi me nā hanana kūlohelohe kūikawā, ʻoiai ka lōʻihi loa o ke ao a me ka pō. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau pōʻai e kōkua iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ke kumu e ʻike ai kekahi mau wahi i nā lā me ka napoʻo ʻole o ka lā, a i ʻole, i nā pō lōʻihi me ka ʻole o ka lā.
He aha ka Arctic Circle a me ka Antarctic Circle?
I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻo ka Arctic Circle kahi laina latitude ma ka ʻĀkau o ka Hemisphere, ʻoiai ʻo ka Antarctic Circle ma ka Hema o ka Hemisphere. Aia nā mea ʻelua ma kahi o 66,5° latitude mai ka equator:
– Aia ka Arctic Circle ma kahi o 66,5° N (Latitu ʻĀkau).
– Aia ka Pōʻai ʻAntartika ma kahi o 66,5° Latitu Hema.
Pili pono kēia helu 66,5° i ke kūlou ʻana o ke axis o ka Honua. Ua kūlou ka Honua ma kahi o 23,5° e pili ana i ka mokulele o kona kaapuni a puni ka Lā. Ma muli o kēia, loaʻa i kekahi mau wahi ka lā kokoke mau i kekahi mau manawa o ka makahiki, aʻo kekahi poʻe ʻaʻole loaʻa.
No ke aha i kapa ʻia ai he "pōʻai"?
Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he "pōʻai" no ka mea inā ʻoe e kahakiʻi i kahi laina latitude a puni ka Honua, hana ia i kahi pōʻai piha. Ua like kēia laina me ka equator, e like me nā laina latitude ʻē aʻe. Akā ʻo ka mea e hoʻolilo ai iā ia i mea kūikawā, ʻo ia kāna hana ma ke ʻano he palena astronomical a me climatological, ʻaʻole wale he māka o ke kūlana.
Nā hanana nui: Lā waena a me ka pō polar
ʻO nā hanana kaulana ʻelua e kū nei ma nā wahi ma luna o ka Arctic Circle a ma lalo paha o ka Antarctic Circle:
1. Lā Aumoe (Lā Aumoe)
I kekahi mau manawa, ʻoiai ma kahi o ke kauwela ma kēlā me kēia hemisphere, ʻaʻole loa e napoʻo loa ka Lā ma lalo o ka ʻaoʻao o ka honua no 24 mau hola a ʻoi aku paha. ʻO ka hopena, ʻoiai he "pō" ia ma ke ʻano maoli, e mālamalama mau ana ka lani.
2. Pō Polar
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, i ka wā hoʻoilo, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka lā ma luna o ka ʻaoʻao o ka honua no 24 mau hola a ʻoi aku paha. ʻO nā wahi e ʻike nei i ka pō polar e ʻike i ka pouli lōʻihi, ʻoiai he mau napoʻo ʻana i kekahi mau manawa, ma muli o ka wahi a me nā kūlana o ka lewa.
Ma nā wahi e pili pono ana i ka pōʻai (66,5°), hana ʻia kēia hanana ma kahi o hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā e hoʻokokoke aku ai kekahi i nā pou (90° N no ka Pole ʻĀkau a me 90° S no ka Pole Hema), ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka "lā waena pō," a i ʻole "pō polar," a hiki i nā mahina.
Nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻāina ʻo Arctic a me Antarctic
ʻOiai he inoa "pole" ko lāua ʻelua, ua ʻokoʻa loa ka ʻĀtika a me ka ʻAntartika.
1. ʻĀkelika: moana i hoʻopuni ʻia e ka ʻāina
ʻO ka ʻāina ʻĀketika, ʻo ia hoʻi ka Moana ʻĀketika, i uhi nui ʻia i ka hau (ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka hoʻoilo), a ua hoʻopuni ʻia e nā ʻāina ʻē e like me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, ʻEulopa, a me ʻĀsia. ʻO ka ʻĀketika ka home o nā kaiāulu kanaka he nui, me nā kānaka ʻōiwi a me nā kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi a waena ma nā ʻāina e like me Kanada, Norewai, Rusia, a me Alaska (ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa).
No ka mea, he moana ka ʻĀketika, ʻo ka hapa nui o kona hau he hau kai lana. He mea maʻalahi loa kēia hau i nā loli o ka mahana a me nā au o ke kai, no laila ʻike nui ʻia ka hopena o ka hoʻomehana honua ma ka ʻĀketika ma ke ʻano o ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka hau kai.
2. ʻAntarctica: he ʻāina i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā moana
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, he ʻāina ʻo Antarctica i uhi ʻia i kahi papa hau mānoanoa, i hoʻopuni ʻia e ka Moana Hema. ʻAʻohe heluna kanaka mau o Antarctica; ʻo ka poʻe wale nō e noho ana ma laila he poʻe ʻepekema a me nā limahana kākoʻo ma nā kikowaena noiʻi.
ʻO ka hau ma Antarctica i ka wā mua, ua hana nui ʻia me nā papa hau ʻāina. Inā heheʻe nā papa hau ʻāina a kahe i loko o ke kai, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hopena i ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻilikai honua ma mua o nā loli i ka hau kai lana.
No ke aha e loli ai kēia laina?
Ma ke ʻano loea, ʻaʻole i "paʻa" loa nā kūlana o nā Pōʻai ʻĀkau a me ʻAntartika no nā tausani makahiki. ʻO kēia ma muli o nā loli liʻiliʻi i ke axial tilt (obliquity) o ka Honua, kahi e loli mālie ai ma luna o nā pōʻaiapuni astronomical lōʻihi. Ke loli iki ke tilt o ka Honua, e neʻe iki nō hoʻi nā latitudes e ʻike nei i ka pōʻaiapuni 24 hola o ke ao/pō.
ʻOiai he liʻiliʻi ka hoʻololi ʻana ma ka pālākiō o ke ola kanaka , he mea nui ia i ka ʻepekema no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke aniau a me nā dinamika astronomical ma nā pae manawa lōʻihi.
Ka hopena i ke aniau a me ke ola
He ʻano aniau koʻikoʻi ko nā wahi a puni kēia mau pōʻai ʻelua: nā hoʻoilo lōʻihi a anuanu a me nā kauwela pōkole e hiki ke anuanu a mehana iki ma kekahi mau wahi (ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ka Arctic ma kekahi mau wahi kahakai).
ʻŌnaehana Kaiaola ʻĀkelika
Aia ma ka ʻĀtika ka tundra, ka limu, nā lāʻau haʻahaʻa, a me nā holoholona e like me nā bea pola, nā ʻalopeke ʻĀtika, ka caribou, a me nā manu lele like ʻole. Ke ola kanaka ma ka Arctic ua hoʻololi pū i kēia mau kūlana ma o ka hahai holoholona, lawaiʻa, a me nā ʻano hale i kūpono i ke aniau anuanu.
ʻŌnaehana Kaiaola ʻAntartika
ʻOi aku ka ʻino o ka ʻAntarctic. Ua kaupalena ʻia ke ola ma ka ʻāina, akā ua waiwai ke kai a puni i nā mea ola, me ke krill (ʻōpae liʻiliʻi), nā sila, nā kohola, a me nā penguin. Hilinaʻi nui ke kaulahao meaʻai ma kēia wahi i ka huahana kai kau a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hau kai.
Kūlana koʻikoʻi i ka noiʻi ʻepekema
Hana ʻo ʻAtika a me ʻAntartika ma ke ʻano he "keʻena hoʻokolohua kūlohelohe" no ke aʻo ʻana i ka loli o ke aniau. Nānā nā kānaka ʻepekema:
- nā loli o ka nui o ka hau kai i kēlā me kēia kau,
- ka heheʻe ʻana o nā glaciers a me nā papa hau,
- nā ʻano makani a me nā au o ke kai,
– a me ke kemika lewa (e laʻa me ka ozone a me nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo).
Ua kaulana nō hoʻi ʻo Antarctica no ka ʻike ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana i ka lua ozone ma ka stratosphere, kahi mea e kōkua ai i ka honua e hoʻomaopopo i ka hopena o kekahi mau kemika (e like me CFC) ma ka lewa. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka Arctic kahi hōʻailona wikiwiki o ka hoʻomehana honua no ka mea ke hoʻomehana wikiwiki nei nā wahi polar ma mua o ka awelika honua, kahi hanana i kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo Arctic amplification.
Ka hopena
ʻO ka Arctic Circle a me ka Antarctic Circle he mau palena latitude koʻikoʻi e pili pono ana i ke axial tilt o ka Honua a me ka orbit a puni ka Lā. Hōʻailona nā mea ʻelua i nā wahi e hiki ai ke ʻike ʻia ka lā aumoe a me ka pō polar, nā hanana i ʻike pinepine ʻole ʻia ma nā latitudes temperate a i ʻole tropical. ʻOiai ua like ke ʻano o ka manaʻo, ʻokoʻa loa ka Arctic a me Antarctic ma ke ʻano o ka ʻāina, nā kaiaolaola, a me ke alo o ke kanaka. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau pōʻai ʻelua ʻaʻole wale e hoʻonui i ka ʻike honua akā e hoʻoikaika pū i ko mākou ʻike i nā dynamics o ke aniau honua a me ka wā e hiki mai ana o ke kaiapuni o ka Honua.
Inā makemake ʻoe, hiki iaʻu ke hoʻololi i kēia ʻatikala i kahi kaila "kaulana no nā haumāna", kahi mana "ʻepekema me nā kuhikuhi", a i ʻole e hoʻohui i nā ʻāpana kūikawā e like me nā laʻana o nā ʻāina i hele ʻia e ka Arctic Circle a me nā kikowaena noiʻi koʻikoʻi ma Antarctica.
