ʻOntology a me Metaphysics o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo
ʻO ka Ontology a me ka metaphysics ʻelua mau lālā pili loa o ke akeakamai e ʻimi nei i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ke ola. ʻOiai lākou e pili pinepine ana, he mau kiko a me nā ʻano like ʻole ko lākou. E wehewehe kēia ʻatikala i nā manaʻo kumu o ka ontology a me ka metaphysics a pehea lākou e hoʻokō ai kekahi i kekahi i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.
Ontology: Ke noiʻi nei i ke ola a me ke ola ʻana
Mai nā huaʻōlelo Helene mai ʻo "ontos" ʻo "ontology," ʻo ia hoʻi "ke ola ʻana" a i ʻole "ke ola ʻana," a me "logos," ʻo ia hoʻi "ʻepekema" a i ʻole "ka ʻike." I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻo ka ontology kahi lālā o ke akeakamai e aʻo ana i ke ola ʻana, nā mea e ola nei, a me nā pilina ma waena o nā mea e ola nei. He hoʻāʻo ia e noiʻi i ke ʻano kumu o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.
Nā Māhele Ontological
ʻO kekahi o nā pahuhopu nui o ka ontology ka ʻike a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā mea e ola nei. Hiki i kēia mau māhele ontological ke lilo i mau mea kino e like me nā papa ʻaina a me nā noho, nā mea abstract e like me nā helu a me nā manaʻo, a i ʻole nā mea pilikanaka e like me nā ʻoihana a me nā ʻaelike. Kōkua kēia hoʻokaʻawale ʻana iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo pehea e ola ai kēia mau mea a pehea lākou e pili ai kekahi i kekahi i ko mākou ʻoiaʻiʻo.
Nā pilikia Ontological
Aia kekahi mau pilikia ontological i lilo i kumuhana o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma waena o nā akeakamai. ʻO kekahi o kēia ka nīnau o ka monism a me ka dualism. Manaʻo ka monism hoʻokahi wale nō ʻano mea e hoʻokumu ai i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he mea waiwai a i ʻole mea ʻole. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, manaʻo ka dualism he ʻelua ʻano kumu o ka mea: mea waiwai a me ka mea ʻole.
He mea nui hoʻi e kamaʻilio i ka pilikia o ke ola ʻana o nā mea hoʻokalakupua a me nā mea kuhiakau. Loaʻa i nā huapalapala i loko o nā puke moʻolelo a i ʻole nā manaʻo i hāpai ʻia akā ʻaʻole i hoʻomaopopo ʻia he ola ontological? ʻOiai he mea esoteric kēia mau nīnau, he mau hopena koʻikoʻi ko lākou i nā kahua e like me ke ʻano pono, ka aesthetics, a me ka ʻepekema.
Metaphysics: Ke ʻimi nei i ke ʻano a me nā kumumanaʻo o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo
He lālā ākea ka metaphysics o ke akeakamai ma mua o ka ontology a uhi i nā kumuhana like ʻole e pili ana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ke ola. Loaʻa ka huaʻōlelo mai ka hana a Aristotle, i haku ʻia ma hope o kāna hana ma ka physics, i kapa ʻia ʻo "ta meta ta physika" (nā mea ma hope o ka physics).
Nā Kumumanaʻo Metaphysical
Hoʻopuni ka Metaphysics i ke aʻo ʻana i nā kumumanaʻo mua a me nā kumu hope loa o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. ʻO kekahi o nā kumumanaʻo kumu i kūkākūkā pinepine ʻia i ka metaphysics e komo pū ana me ke kumumanaʻo o ka ʻike, ke kumumanaʻo o ke kumu, a me ke kumumanaʻo o ka kūʻē ʻole. Kōkua kēia mau kumumanaʻo i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana ākea no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hana ʻana o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a pehea mākou, ma ke ʻano he kanaka, e ʻike ai a hoʻomaopopo iā ia.
ʻOiaʻiʻo vs. Anti-Realism
ʻO kekahi o nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa nui i ka metaphysics ma waena o ka realism a me ka anti-realism. Ke paio nei ka Realism aia kahi honua waho e kūʻokoʻa ana mai ko mākou ʻike ʻana. Ma kēia ʻano, manaʻoʻiʻo nā realists he ola koʻikoʻi nā kānāwai o ke kūlohelohe, nā mea kino, a me nā mea makemakika.
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, hoʻopaʻapaʻa ka anti-realism e hilinaʻi ana ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo a i ʻole nā kūkulu pilikanaka. No ka laʻana, hiki i kahi anti-realist ke ʻōlelo ʻaʻole i ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema i nā kānāwai o ke kūlohelohe, akā ua hana lākou iā lākou ma ke ʻano he ala e hoʻomaopopo ai a hoʻonohonoho i kā mākou mau ʻike.
ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka Ontology a me ka Metaphysics
ʻOiai he ʻokoʻa nā manaʻo o ka ontology a me ka metaphysics, hoʻokō lākou kekahi i kekahi. ʻO ke ʻano o kā mākou hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā māhele ontological e hoʻohuli i ko mākou mau manaʻo i nā loina metaphysical, a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe.
Haʻawina Hihia: Ke Ola ʻana o nā Helu
E noʻonoʻo kākou i ka pilikia o ke ola ʻana o nā helu. Ma ka ontology, hiki iā kākou ke nīnau inā he mau mea kūʻokoʻa nā helu e noho like ana me nā mea kino, a i ʻole he mau mea i kūkulu ʻia noʻonoʻo wale nō. A laila e pili ana ka metaphysics i ka noiʻi hou aku i ke ʻano o kēia mau helu, pehea lākou i ola ai, a me nā hopena o ko lākou ola ʻana no nā manaʻo o ke kumu, ka ʻike, a me ka ʻepekema.
Inā mākou e lawe i kahi hiʻohiʻona maoli o nā helu, a laila he ola kūʻokoʻa ko lākou, a e hoʻopili kēia i ke ʻano o ko mākou hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka makemakika a me kāna mau noi ma ke ao maoli. I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, inā mākou e lawe i kahi hiʻohiʻona kūkulu, a laila makemake paha mākou i nā kaʻina hana noʻonoʻo a me ka nohona e hoʻopuka ai i nā manaʻo makemakika.
Ke Kuleana o ka Ontology a me ka Metaphysics i ka ʻEpekema
Ma ke ʻano o ka ʻepekema, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko ka ontology a me ka metaphysics. Pili ka ontology me ka ʻepekema ma o ka noiʻi ʻana i nā ʻano o nā mea e kū nei i loko o kahi ʻāpana ʻepekema kikoʻī, e like me nā ʻāpana subatomic a i ʻole nā ʻano olaola. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he kuleana ko ka metaphysics i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kumumanaʻo kumu e pili ana i nā kumumanaʻo ʻepekema, e like me nā manaʻo o ka hakahaka a me ka manawa i ka physics.
ʻO ke Kino Manaʻo a me ka Metaphysics
I loko o ke kinoea kumumanaʻo, pili ka metaphysics i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā manaʻo e like me ka manawa-lewa, ka mea, a me ka ikehu. No ka laʻana, ʻo ke kumumanaʻo laulā o Albert Einstein no ka relativity he mau hopena metaphysical koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka lewa a me ka manawa ma ke ʻano he mau mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a me ka ikaika, ʻokoʻa mai ka manaʻo Newtonian kuʻuna.
ʻO Biology a me Ontology
I loko o ka biology, kōkua ka ontology i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano ola like ʻole. No ka laʻana, ʻo ke kumumanaʻo o nā ʻano i loko o ka biology evolutionary he laʻana maʻamau ia o kahi pilikia ontological me nā hopena kūpono a me nā manaʻo. ʻO ka nīnau no ka mea e hoʻolilo ai i kahi hui o nā meaola i ʻano kikoʻī e pili ana i nā pilikia ontological o ka ʻike, ka loli, a me ka hoʻomau.
Ka hopena
ʻO ka Ontology a me ka metaphysics ʻelua mau lālā o ke akeakamai e noiʻi ana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo mai nā manaʻo like ʻole. Hoʻāʻo ʻo Ontology e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea e ola nei a pehea e launa pū ai kēia mau mea, ʻoiai ʻo ka metaphysics e kālele ana i nā kumumanaʻo mua a me nā kumu e pili ana i ko mākou ola ʻana a me ka ʻike o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.
ʻOiai ua manaʻo pinepine ʻia he kumumanaʻo nui a he abstract, loaʻa i kēia mau lālā ʻelua nā hopena kūpono ma nā ʻano aʻo like ʻole, mai ka physics a i ka biology a me nā ʻepekema pili kanaka. Ma ka ʻimi hohonu ʻana i nā manaʻo kumu o ka ontology a me ka metaphysics, hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa kahi ʻike hohonu a waiwai o ka honua a puni mākou a me ko mākou wahi i loko.
