Physics

Domin gano yadda za a ƙara ingancin injin zafi , wani masanin kimiyya ɗan Faransa mai suna Sadi Carnot (1796-1832) ya binciki wata na'urar auna kuzari mai kyau a shekarar 1824. A wancan lokacin, ba a tsara dokar thermodynamics ta farko ba, kuma ba a tsara dokar thermodynamics ta biyu ba. Ba a tsara dokar farko ba saboda masana kimiyya ba su san cewa zafi makamashi ne ba tukuna. Bayan Joule da abokan aikinsa sun yi gwaji a shekarun 1830, masana kimiyya sun gano zafi makamashi ne da ke motsawa saboda bambancin zafin jiki. Don haka, an tsara dokar thermodynamics ta farko bayan 1830. Sadi Carnot yana bincike kan injin auna kuzari mai kyau a shekarar 1824. Bincikensa a zahiri shine don ƙara ingancin injin tururi. Yawancin injunan tururi na wancan lokacin ba su da inganci sosai.

Karin bayani

Domin bayyana hanyoyin thermodynamic da ba za a iya canzawa ba, masana kimiyya sun tsara ka'idar thermodynamics ta biyu. Ka'idar thermodynamics ta biyu ta bayyana irin hanyoyin da za su iya faruwa a sararin samaniya da kuma irin hanyoyin da ba za su iya faruwa ba. Wani masanin kimiyya mai suna RJE Clausius (1822-1888) ya yi wannan bayani:

A dabi'ance, zafi yana tafiya daga abubuwa masu zafi zuwa abubuwa masu ƙarancin zafin jiki; a zahiri, zafi baya tafiya daga abubuwa masu ƙarancin zafin jiki zuwa abubuwa masu yawan zafin jiki (Dokar thermodynamics ta biyu - bayanin Clausius).

Bayanin Clausius yana ɗaya daga cikin maganganun musamman na dokar thermodynamics ta biyu. Ana kiransa sanarwa ta musamman saboda yana aiki ne kawai ga tsari ɗaya kawai, wanda ya shafi canja wurin zafi. Tunda wannan bayanin ba shi da alaƙa da wasu hanyoyin, muna buƙatar bayani na gaba ɗaya. Ci gaban bayanin gaba ɗaya na dokar thermodynamics ta biyu ya dogara ne akan nazarin injunan zafi. Saboda haka, muna tattauna zafin injin da farko.

Karin bayani

Tsarin Thermodynamic na Labari: Isothermal Adiabatic Isochoric Isobaric

Akwai matakai guda huɗu na thermodynamic, wato Isothermal, isochoric, isobaric da adiabatic process.

Tsarin Isothermal (zafin jiki mai ɗorewa)

A cikin tsarin isothermal, zafin tsarin yana kasancewa daidai. A ka'ida, tsarin da aka bincika shine iskar gas mai kyau. Zafin iskar gas mai kyau yana daidai gwargwado kai tsaye da makamashin iskar gas mai kyau (U = 3/2 n RT). T baya canzawa, don haka U shima baya canzawa. Don haka, idan aka yi amfani da shi ga tsarin isothermal, dokar farko ta lissafin thermodynamic ta zama:

Karin bayani

Tsarin thermodynamic

Zafi (Q) shine kuzarin da ke motsawa daga abu ɗaya zuwa wani saboda bambancin zafin jiki. Game da tsarin da muhalli, zafi shine kuzarin da ke motsawa daga tsari zuwa yanayi ko makamashin da ke motsawa daga yanayi zuwa yanayi, saboda bambancin zafin jiki. Idan zafin tsarin ya fi na yanayi, zafi zai gudana daga tsarin zuwa yanayi. Idan zafin yanayin ya fi na tsarin girma, to zafi zai gudana daga yanayi zuwa yanayi.

Zafi (Q) makamashi ne da ke motsawa saboda bambancin zafin jiki, yayin da aiki (W) yana da alaƙa da canja wurin makamashi ta hanyar aiki. Misali, idan tsarin yana aiki akan muhalli, to makamashi yana motsawa daga tsarin zuwa muhalli. Akasin haka, idan muhalli yana aiki akan tsarin, to makamashi yana motsawa daga muhalli zuwa tsari.

Karin bayani