Kayan aikin gani - matsaloli da mafita
1. Ana sanya abu mai tsayin h a nesa da ya fi ƙanƙanta da tsawon mai da hankali f. A tantance halayen hoton.
Magani
A cewar hoton da ke sama, halayen hoton suna kama-da-wane, a tsaye kuma sun fi abu girma.
2. Idan aka sanya wani abu a tsakiya tsakanin wurin da aka fi mayar da hankali da madubin da ke da lanƙwasa, hoton da madubin ya samar shine:
1. Ya fi abu sau 2 girma
2. Tsaye
3. Nisan hoto = tsawon mai da hankali
4. Mai gani
Maganar da ta dace ita ce…..
Magani:
Tsawon maƙasudi (f) = 20 cm da nisan abu (d o ) = 10 cm, kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa:
a) Nisa ta hoto
1/f = 1/d o + 1/d i
1/20 = 1/10 + 1/d i
1/20 – 1/10 = 1/d i
1/20 – 2/20 = 1/d i
-1/20 = 1/d i
d i = -20 cm
Alamar cirewa tana nuna cewa hoton na kama-da-wane ne ko kuma haskoki ba sa ratsawa ta wurin.
b) Girman hoto
M = -d i / d o = -(-20)/10 = 20/10 = sau 2
Alamar ƙarin tana nuna cewa hoton yana tsaye kuma hoton ya fi abin girma sau biyu.
Kayayyakin hoto
1. Hoton ya fi abin girma sau 2
2. Tsaye
3. Nisan hoto = tsawon mai da hankali = 20 cm
4. Mai gani
3. Nisa tsakanin abu da wani abu yana da mita 2 a gaban madubin da ke da siffar lanƙwasa, kuma tsayin hoton ya ninka 1/16 tsawon abin. Menene tsawon madubin da ke da siffar lanƙwasa?
An sani:
Nisa tsakanin abu (d o ) = mita 2
Girman hoto (M) = sau 1/16
Ana so: tsawon mai da hankali na madubin da ke da santsi
Magani:
Nisa ta hoto:
Nisa tsakanin hoton da na'urar daukar hoton shine - mita 1/8. Alamar da ba ta nuna cewa hoton na'urar daukar hoton ce ba.
Tsawon mai da hankali (f):
Alamar ragewa tana nuna cewa tsawon mai da hankali na kama-da-wane ne.
4. Kayyade halayen hoton da ke da tsayin h, wanda ke gaban madubi mai lanƙwasa.
Magani
A cewar hoton, halayen hoton suna kama-da-wane, a tsaye kuma ƙanƙanta ne fiye da abu.
7. Gilashin haske mai tsawon mita 5 da ake amfani da shi azaman gilashin ƙara girma. Gilashin haske da ido na yau da kullun ke amfani da shi lokacin da idon ya mayar da hankali a kusa da inda yake. Menene girman gilashin ƙara girma?
An sani:
Tsawon mai da hankali (f) = 5 cm
Kusa da wurin ido na yau da kullun (N) = 25 cm
Ana so: Girman kusurwa
Magani:
Idan idon ya mayar da hankali a inda yake kusa, nisan hoton = kusa da wurin ido na yau da kullun. Daidaiton girman kusurwa:
M = Girman kusurwa, N = kusa da wurin ido na yau da kullun, f = tsawon mai da hankali na gilashin ƙara girma
Girman kusurwa lokacin da ido ya mayar da hankali a kusa da inda yake:
Idon da ba a gani kusa da ido da idon da ba a gani kusa da ido
8. Mutumin da ke da ido mai hangen nesa kusa yana amfani da gilashin ido na Diopters +2 . Menene nisan da mutum zai iya gani ba tare da gilashin ido ba.
An sani:
Ƙarfin ruwan tabarau (P) = +2 diopters
Ana so: Nisa mafi kusa
Magani:
Gilashin ruwan tabarau mai haɗuwa ko gilasan ruwan tabarau mai bambanta?
Ƙarfin ruwan tabarau yana da kyau domin ruwan tabarau da ake amfani da shi ruwan tabarau ne mai kyau ko ruwan tabarau mai haɗuwa.
Menene tsawon firikwensin ruwan tabarau?
P = 1/f
2 = 1/f
f = 1/ 2 = 0.5 m = 50 cm
Tsawon mai da hankali shine santimita 50.
Idon da ba a gani ba da idon da ba a gani ba?
Idon da ba a gani sosai ba saboda ruwan tabarau da ake amfani da shi ruwan tabarau ne mai kyau.
Menene nisan da mutum zai iya gani ba tare da gilashin ido ba?
Domin ido ya ga abubuwa a nisan santimita 25 a matsayin ido na yau da kullun, ruwan tabarau ya kamata ya samar da hoto a nisan santimita x a gaban ruwan tabarau. Hoton yana gaban ruwan tabarau don hoton ya kasance a tsaye kuma mai kama-da-wane. Hoton yana kama-da-wane don haka nisan inuwa (s') ya zama mara kyau.
-1/d i = 1/f – 1/d o
-1/d i = 1/50 – 1/25 = 1/50-2/50 = -1/50
-d i = -50/1 = -50 cm = -0.50 mita
d i = 50 cm = mita 0.5
Nisa mafi kusa da mutum zai iya gani ba tare da gilashin ido ba shine santimita 50. Nisa mafi kusa da ido na yau da kullun zai iya gani shine santimita 25.
9. Kusa da wurin mutumin da ke da idon n- earsighted shine 50 cm. Menene ƙarfin ruwan tabarau da mutum ke amfani da shi don ganin abubuwa a 25 cm?
Magani
Kusa da wurin ido na yau da kullun shine santimita 25, kuma kusa da wurin mutumin da ke da idon kunne shine santimita 50. Ruwan tabarau da mutumin ke amfani da shi yana haɗuwa da ruwan tabarau.
Domin ganin abin da aka luras Domin ya zama santimita 25 a gaban ido, ruwan tabarau ya kamata ya samar da image a nisan santimita 50 a gaban ido da ruwan tabarau. image dole ne a kasance a gaban ido domin a gani image tsaye ne kuma mai kama-da-wane.
An sani:
Nisa tsakanin abu (d o ) = 25 cm
Nisa tsakanin hotuna (d i ) = -50 cm (mara kyau saboda kama-da-wane)
Ana so : Tsawon mai da hankali (f) da ƙarfin ruwan tabarau (P)
Magani:
1/f = 1/s + 1/s'
1/f = 1/25 + 1/-50
1/f = 2/50 – 1/50
1/f = 1/50
f = 50/1 = 50 cm = 0.5 m
Alamar da ke nuna cewa ruwan tabarau yana haɗuwa.
P = 1/f = 1/0.5 = +2 Diopters
Ƙarfin ruwan tabarau shine +2 D.
10. Na'urar hangen nesa (microscope) tana da ruwan tabarau na gani da na gani mai tsawon 0.9 cm da 5 cm. Wani ya sanya wani abu mai tsawon mm 10 a gaban ruwan tabarau na gani don a lura da shi ta ruwan tabarau na ido ba tare da wani shamaki ba. Idan abin yana da tsawon mm 0.5 kuma nisan karatu na mutum shine cm 25, to za a ga tsawon abin...
An sani:
Tsawon mai da hankali na ruwan tabarau na zahiri (f ob ) = 0.9 cm = 9 mm
Tsawon ruwan tabarau na ido (f ok ) = 5 cm = 50 mm
Nisa tsakanin abu da ruwan tabarau na zahiri (s ob ) = 10 mm
Tsawon abu (h o ) = 0.5 mm
Kusa da wurin ido na yau da kullun (N) = 25 cm = 250 mm
Ana so: Tsawon hoto (h i' )
Magani:
Nisa daga hoton daga ruwan tabarau na zahiri
1/s ob ' = 1/f ob - 1/s ob = 1/9 - 1/10 = 10/90 - 9/90 = 1/90
s ob ' = 90/1 = 90 mm
Jimlar girman na'urar hangen nesa (microscope) lokacin da ido ya sassauta ko kuma lokacin da hoton ya kai ga rashin iyaka, an ƙididdige shi ta amfani da lissafi:
Tsawon hoto = tsawon abu x jimlar girmansa = (0.5 mm)(45) = 22.5 mm.
11. Tsawon firikwensin ruwan tabarau na na'urar hangen nesa shine 2.0 cm. An sanya abu a 2.2 cm. Tsawon na'urar hangen nesa shine 24.5 cm. Idon yana da kyau kuma yana annashuwa. Menene girman na'urar hangen nesa.
An sani:
Tsawon mai da hankali na ruwan tabarau na zahiri (f ob ) = 2.0 cm
Nisa tsakanin abu da ruwan tabarau na zahiri (d ob ) = 2.2 cm
Tsawon na'urar hangen nesa (l) = 24.5 cm
Kusa da wurin ido na yau da kullun (N) = 25 cm
Idon ya saki jiki.
Ana so: Jimlar girman na'urar hangen nesa (M)
Magani:
Idon yana annashuwa lokacin da hoton ya ƙare.
Jimlar girman na'urar microscope lokacin da ido ya saki:
M = jimlar girma
l = tsawon na'urar hangen nesa = tazara tsakanin ruwan tabarau na gani da ruwan tabarau na ido = tsawon mai da hankali na ruwan tabarau na ido + nisan hoto daga ruwan tabarau na gani (d ob ') = f ok + d ob '
Nisa daga hoton da aka yi amfani da shi daga ruwan tabarau mai ma'ana (d ob '):
1/f ob = 1/d ob + 1/d ob '
1/d ob ' = 1/f ob - 1/d ob = 1/2 - 1 / 2.2 = 2.2 / 4.4 - 2 / 4.4 = 0.2 / 4.4
d ob ' = 22
Nisa daga ruwan tabarau na zahiri shine 22 cm.
Tsawon ma'aunin ruwan tabarau na ido (idan ya yi kyau ):
l = f lafiya + s ob '
f ok = l - d ob ' = 24.5 - 22 = 2.5 cm
Jimlar girman na'urar hangen nesa (M):
12. Kusa da wurin ido na yau da kullun shine santimita 25. Menene girman na'urar hangen nesa.
An sani:
Kusa da wurin ido na yau da kullun (N) = 25 cm
Nisa tsakanin abu (d ob ) = 1.2 cm
Tsawon maƙasudin ruwan tabarau mai ma'ana (f ob ) = 1 cm
Tsawon ruwan tabarau na ido (f ok ) = 5 cm
Nisa tsakanin ruwan tabarau na gani da ruwan tabarau na ido = 10 cm
Ana Neman: Girman na'urorin microscopes
Magani:
Idan hoton ƙarshe a ƙarshen lokaci, to idon zai huta (mafi ƙarancin wurin zama). Idan hoton ƙarshe yana kusa da wurin (25 cm), idon ba ya huta amma yana mai da hankali kan wurin kusa (mafi girman wurin zama).
Daidaita girman na'urar microscope lokacin da ido ya mayar da hankali kan wurin da ke kusa (mafi girman wurin zama):
Nisa daga hoton da aka yi amfani da shi daga ruwan tabarau mai ma'ana (d ob '):
1/d ob ' = 1/d ob - 1/d ob = 1/1 - 1 / 1.2 = 12/12 - 10/12 = 2/12
d ob ' = 12/2 = 6 cm
Ƙara girman hoto:
Matsaloli da mafita na na'urar microscope
kawo nesa kusa
Matsaloli da mafita na na'urar hangen nesa 1
Matsaloli da mafita na na'urar hangen nesa 2
- Menene ƙa'idar asali da ke bayan kayan aikin gani?
- Amsa: Babban ƙa'idar da ke bayan kayan aikin gani ita ce sarrafa haske, musamman ta hanyar jujjuyawa da tunani, don ƙirƙirar da faɗaɗa hotuna, yana taimaka mana mu lura da abubuwa da kyau ko kuma mu auna wasu halaye na haske.
- Ta yaya gilashin ido na gyara ke aiki don inganta gani?
- AmsaGilashin ido masu gyara suna da ruwan tabarau waɗanda ke rama raunin ido a cikin hasken da ke mayar da hankali. Don hangen nesa na kusa, ruwan tabarau masu daidaitawa suna shimfiɗa hasken haske, yayin da don hangen nesa na nesa, ruwan tabarau masu daidaitawa suna haɗa hasken haske, wanda ke ba ido damar mayar da hankali kan hotunan akan retina yadda ya kamata.
- Me yasa gilashin ƙara girma yake sa abubuwa su yi girma?
- AmsaGilashin ƙara girma wani ruwan tabarau ne mai lanƙwasa wanda ke ƙirƙirar hoto mai kama da na zahiri, mai girma, kuma a tsaye na abin lokacin da aka sanya abin a cikin tsawon mai da hankali na ruwan tabarau. Ido yana ganin wannan hoton da aka ƙara girma a matsayin mafi girma fiye da abin da kansa.
- Ta yaya budewar kyamara ke shafar ingancin hoton?
- Amsa: Buɗewar tana sarrafa adadin hasken da ke shiga kyamara. Buɗewar da ta fi girma tana ba da ƙarin haske, wanda zai iya haifar da hotuna masu ƙarancin haske. Duk da haka, babban buɗewar kuma yana rage zurfin filin, ma'ana ƙaramin ɓangare na hoton zai kasance a mayar da hankali. Akasin haka, ƙaramin buɗewar yana ƙara zurfin filin amma yana iya buƙatar tsawon lokacin fallasa ko saitunan hankali mafi girma.
- Me yasa madubin hangen nesa galibi suna da lamba kamar "10×50" a kansu?
- Amsa: A cikin na'urorin hangen nesa na "10×50", "10x" yana nufin abin zai bayyana kusa da ido sau 10. "50" yana nufin diamita na ruwan tabarau na zahiri a cikin milimita. Babban ruwan tabarau na zahiri zai iya tattara ƙarin haske, yana sa hoton ya yi haske, musamman ma a yanayin haske mai ƙarancin haske.
- Ta yaya na'urar hangen nesa ke tara haske fiye da idon ɗan adam, kuma me yasa wannan yake da mahimmanci don kallon taurari masu nisa?
- Amsa: Na'urorin hangen nesa (telescopes) suna da manyan tabarau (ko madubai) fiye da idon ɗan adam, wanda ke ba su damar tattarawa da tattara haske. Wannan ƙarin ƙarfin tattara haske yana da mahimmanci don lura da abubuwan sama masu nisa da marasa ƙarfi waɗanda ido ba zai iya gani ba.
- Mene ne bambanci tsakanin na'urar hangen nesa (refracting) da na'urar hangen nesa (reflecting telescope)?
- Amsa: Na'urar hangen nesa mai jujjuyawa (ko na'urar hangen nesa) tana amfani da ruwan tabarau don lanƙwasa da mayar da hankali kan haske, yayin da na'urar hangen nesa mai haskakawa (ko na'urar hangen nesa) ke amfani da madubai. Na'urorin hangen nesa galibi suna fama da rashin daidaituwar launuka, wanda zai iya haifar da gefuna masu launi a kusa da abubuwa. Na'urorin hangen nesa suna guje wa wannan matsalar amma suna iya buƙatar daidaitawa akai-akai da daidaitawa.
- Me yasa na'urorin microscopes ke amfani da ruwan tabarau da yawa?
- Amsa: Na'urorin microscopes suna amfani da haɗin ruwan tabarau (mai kyau da mai gani) don cimma babban girma da ƙuduri. Ruwan tabarau na zahiri yana ƙara girman samfurin, sannan gilashin ido yana ƙara girman wannan hoton. Haɗin yana ba da damar yin cikakken nazari kan ƙananan gine-gine.
- Ta yaya fiber na gani ke aika bayanai zuwa wurare masu nisa?
- Amsa: Zaruruwan gani suna amfani da ƙa'idar cikakken haske na ciki. Ana shigar da siginar haske (daga lasers) cikin zare kuma suna haskaka bangon ciki na zare, suna tafiya mai nisa ba tare da ƙarancin asara ba. Waɗannan siginar haske na iya ɗaukar adadi mai yawa na bayanai.
- Menene aikin prism a cikin na'urar auna sigina?
- Amsa: A cikin na'urar auna haske (spectrometer), prism yana watsa hasken da ke shigowa zuwa launukan abubuwan da ke cikinsa (spectrum) bisa ga tsawon raƙuman ruwa. Wannan yana ba da damar yin nazarin tushen haske don tantance abubuwan da ke cikinsa, ƙarfinsa, da sauran kaddarorinsa.
