Ka'idar Dogara a Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Duniya
Ka'idar dogaro da kai wata muhimmiyar hanya ce ta fahimtar rashin daidaiton ci gaban tattalin arziki a matakin duniya. Wannan ka'idar ta fito a matsayin suka ga ra'ayin da aka saba da shi cewa rashin ci gaban ƙasashe masu tasowa galibi yana faruwa ne sakamakon abubuwan da suka shafi cikin gida, kamar rashin jari, fasaha, ko ingancin cibiyoyi. Madadin haka, ka'idar dogaro da kai ta jaddada cewa talauci da rashin ci gaba a ƙasashe masu tasowa da yawa sakamakon alaƙar tarihi da tsari da ƙasashe masu ci gaba ta hanyar tsarin tattalin arzikin duniya. Dangane da ci gaban tattalin arzikin duniya, wannan ka'idar tana taimakawa wajen bayyana dalilin da yasa wasu yankuna ke ci gaba da fafutukar cimma burinsu duk da aiwatar da manufofin ci gaba da haɗa kasuwannin duniya.
Bayani Kan Fitowar Ka'idar Dogara
Ka'idar dogaro ta sami babban tushe a shekarun 1950-1970, musamman a Latin Amurka, don mayar da martani ga sakamakon ci gaba mara gamsuwa bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. A wannan lokacin, ƙasashe da yawa masu 'yancin kai sun nemi ci gaban masana'antu da ci gaban tattalin arziki . Duk da haka, duk da ƙaruwar cinikin ƙasa da ƙasa, gibin da ke tsakanin ƙasashe masu ci gaba da ƙasashe masu tasowa bai ragu sosai ba. Masu tunani kamar Raúl Prebisch (ta hanyar ra'ayoyin tsarin ECLAC/CEPAL), André Gunder Frank, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, da Theotonio Dos Santos sun yi jayayya cewa tsarin dangantakar tattalin arzikin ƙasa da ƙasa ya kasance yana samar da fa'idodi na tsari ga ƙasashe masu ci gaba da kuma rashin amfanin dogon lokaci ga ƙasashe masu tasowa.
Duk da cewa ka'idar zamani ta ɗauka cewa dukkan ƙasashe suna kan hanya madaidaiciya daga "gargajiya" zuwa "na zamani," ka'idar dogaro ta ƙi wannan zato. A cewar ka'idar dogaro, rashin ci gaba ba matakin farko bane na "halitta", amma yanayi ne da tarihin mulkin mallaka, rabon aiki na ƙasa da ƙasa, da kuma rinjayen siyasa da tattalin arziki na manyan ƙasashe akan ƙasashen da ke kewaye.
Manufofi Masu Muhimmanci: Cibiya da Gefen Hanya
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ka'idojin ka'idar dogaro da kai shine raba duniya zuwa ƙasashe na asali da na waje. Ƙasashen asali ƙasashe ne masu ci gaba a masana'antu waɗanda ke sarrafa fasaha, jari, cibiyoyin kuɗi na duniya , da hanyoyin cinikayya na duniya. Ƙasashen da ke kewaye galibi suna fitar da manyan kayayyaki (kayayyakin noma, ma'adanai, ko kayan aiki) kuma suna shigo da kayayyaki masu daraja.
A cikin wannan dangantaka, ƙasashen da ke kewaye da juna sun dogara ga ƙasashen tsakiya don samun damar kasuwa, kuɗi, saka hannun jari, fasaha, har ma da matakan samarwa. Wannan dogaro ba wai kawai batun yanayin ciniki na yau da kullun ba ne, amma dangantaka mara daidaituwa. Kasashen tsakiya suna da ƙarfi a cikin ciniki wajen tantance farashi, inganci, ƙa'idodin ciniki, da tsarin kuɗi na duniya. Sakamakon haka, ƙarin ƙima da riba sun fi yawa a ƙasashen tsakiya.
Tsarin Dogaro da Kai: Ciniki, Zuba Jari, da Fasaha
Ka'idar dogaro da kai ta bayyana hanyoyi da dama da ke sa ƙasashe masu tasowa su yi wahala su tsere daga ƙarancin ci gaba. Na farko, akwai batun sharuɗɗan ciniki (kuɗin musayar kayayyaki). A lokuta da yawa, farashin manyan kayayyaki yana canzawa da raguwa idan aka kwatanta da farashin kayayyaki da fasaha da aka ƙera. Wannan yana nufin cewa ƙasashen da ke kewaye dole ne su fitar da ƙarin kayan aiki don siyan adadin kayan masana'antu iri ɗaya. Wannan yana sanya matsin lamba kan daidaiton ciniki kuma yana hana tara jari a cikin gida .
Na biyu shine rinjayen jarin ƙasashen waje da kamfanonin ƙasashen waje. Yayin da jarin ƙasashen waje zai iya ƙirƙirar ayyukan yi da kuma ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa, ka'idar dogaro ta jaddada "zubar da" rarar tattalin arziki. Ribar kamfanoni za a iya mayar da ita ƙasarsu, yayin da ƙasar da ke karɓar baƙi ke riƙe da ƙaramin ɓangare na ƙarin darajar. Bugu da ƙari, tsarin samarwa galibi ana tsara shi ne don biyan buƙatun kasuwannin duniya da na kamfanoni , maimakon ƙarfafa masana'antu masu zaman kansu na ƙasa.
Na uku shine dogaro da fasaha. Kasashe masu tasowa galibi suna amfani da fasaha daga kasashen da suka ci gaba ba tare da cikakken iko kan ci gaba, haƙƙin mallaka, da bincike ba. Idan fasaha ita ce babbar hanyar samar da kayayyaki da gasa, wannan dogaro yana sa ya yi wa kasashen da ke kewaye wahala su koma daga masu fitar da kayan masarufi zuwa masu samar da kayayyaki masu fasaha.
Gado da Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Mulkin Mallaka da Yada Labarai
Ka'idar dogaro da kai ta kuma nuna cewa mulkin mallaka ya tsara tsarin tattalin arziki na ƙasashe masu tasowa don dacewa da buƙatun ƙasar da ke mulkin mallaka: gonaki, hakar ma'adinai, da kayayyakin more rayuwa da ke tallafawa fitar da kayayyaki. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, waɗannan tsare-tsaren galibi suna ci gaba saboda manyan mutane na cikin gida suna da sha'awar kiyaye tsoffin tsarin tattalin arziki. A wasu nau'ikan ka'idar dogaro da kai, ana ɗaukar manyan mutane na gida a matsayin masu shiga tsakani don muradun jarin duniya - suna amfana daga tsarin amma ba gina babban tushe na masana'antu ba.
A wata ma'anar, dogaro ba wai kawai yana faruwa tsakanin ƙasashe ba har ma a cikin azuzuwan zamantakewa. Manufofin ci gaba na iya zama makale a cikin samfuran da ke wadatar da wasu ƙungiyoyi, yayin da yawancin jama'a ke ci gaba da kasancewa cikin ƙarancin albashi kuma suna da ƙarancin damar samun ilimi da ayyukan gwamnati.
Dabarun Fita: Masana'antu Masu Sauya Shigo da Kaya
Domin mayar da martani ga dogaro da kai, ƙasashe masu tasowa da yawa, musamman a Latin Amurka, sun rungumi dabarun maye gurbin shigo da kayayyaki daga ƙasashen waje (ISI). Manufar ita ce rage dogaro da kayayyakin da aka shigo da su daga ƙasashen waje ta hanyar haɓaka masana'antun cikin gida ta hanyar kariyar haraji, tallafi, da kuma rawar da gwamnati ke takawa mai ƙarfi. Fatan da ake da shi shi ne ƙasashe za su iya ƙirƙirar ƙarfin samarwa mai zaman kansa, ƙarfafa kasuwannin cikin gida, da kuma ƙara ƙima.
Duk da haka, ƙwarewar ISI ta haifar da sakamako iri-iri. A gefe guda, wannan dabarar ta ƙarfafa ci gaban wasu masana'antu tare da faɗaɗa tushen masana'antu. A gefe guda kuma, wasu ƙasashe sun fuskanci rashin inganci, masana'antu marasa gasa, dogaro da kayan masarufi da injuna da aka shigo da su daga ƙasashen waje, har ma da matsalolin bashi lokacin da kuɗaɗen ci gaba suka dogara sosai akan lamunin ƙasashen waje. Wannan yana nuna cewa fita daga dogaro ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba, domin tsarin tattalin arzikin duniya da iyakokin ƙarfin cibiyoyin cikin gida suna taka rawa.
Muhimmancin Ka'idar Dogara a Zamanin Duniya
Duk da cewa an fi haɓaka ka'idar dogaro da kai a ƙarni na 20, ra'ayoyinta suna da mahimmanci a cikin dunkulewar duniya ta yau. Silsilar ƙima ta duniya ta nuna cewa mafi girman ƙimar da aka ƙara galibi ana mai da hankali ne a cikin ƙira, bincike, alamar kasuwanci, da ayyukan tallatawa - waɗanda kamfanoni da ƙasashe masu tasowa suka mamaye - yayin da ƙasashe masu tasowa galibi ana iyakance su ga samar da ƙarancin albashi ko haƙo albarkatu.
Bugu da ƙari, tsarin kuɗi na duniya zai iya ƙarfafa dogaro da juna ta hanyar kwararar jari na ɗan gajeren lokaci, canjin canjin kuɗin musayar kuɗi, da kuma biyan basussuka. A lokacin rikicin duniya, ƙasashe masu tasowa galibi suna fuskantar matsin lamba yayin da masu zuba jari ke cire kuɗi, raguwar kuɗaɗen shiga, da hauhawar farashin shigo da kaya. A ƙarƙashin irin waɗannan yanayi, sararin manufofin cikin gida yana raguwa.
Duk da haka, dunkulewar duniya yana buɗe damammaki. Misali, ƙasashe da dama na Gabashin Asiya sun yi nasarar bin diddigin masana'antu da ake fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje kuma sun shiga fannoni masu ƙara darajar kuɗi. Wannan nasarar ta nuna cewa dogaro ba shine makoma ta ƙarshe ba, kodayake cikas ɗin gaskiya ne. Bambanci a cikin dabarun ƙasa, ƙarfin gwamnati, saka hannun jari a ilimi da fasaha, da ƙwarewar tattaunawa a cinikin duniya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa.
Sukar Ka'idar Dogara
Ka'idar dogaro ba ta da masu suka. Wasu masana tattalin arziki suna jayayya cewa tana jaddada abubuwan waje yayin da take yin watsi da abubuwan cikin gida kamar manufofin cikin gida, cin hanci da rashawa, ingancin hukumomi, da rikicin siyasa. Wasu kuma suna jayayya cewa ka'idar dogaro wani lokacin tana kallon ƙasashe masu tasowa a matsayin waɗanda abin ya shafa ba tare da wani taimako ba, duk da cewa wasu ƙasashe suna iya amfani da haɗin kai na duniya don hanzarta ci gaba. Bugu da ƙari, bambancin "tsakiya-tsakiya" ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin sauƙaƙa gaskiya, idan aka yi la'akari da fitowar ƙasashe masu matsakaicin matsayi da kuma ƙarfin tattalin arziki masu tasowa.
Duk da haka, ka'idar dogaro ta ci gaba da zama mai mahimmanci a matsayin madubi. Yana tunatar da mu cewa kasuwannin duniya ba koyaushe suke tsaka-tsaki ba kuma dangantakar tattalin arziki ta duniya tana da iko. Lokacin da ake tattaunawa kan ci gaba, muhimman tambayoyin ba wai kawai "yadda za a ƙara ci gaba ba" amma har ma "wa ke amfana daga wannan ci gaban" da "yadda tsarin duniya ke tsara damar ci gaban ƙasa."
Penutup
Ka'idar dogaro a cikin ci gaban tattalin arzikin duniya tana ba da bayani game da dorewar rashin daidaito tsakanin ƙasashe. Ta hanyar nuna alaƙar da ba ta daidaita ba tsakanin ƙasashen da ke da asali da kuma na waje, tana jaddada rawar da tarihin mulkin mallaka, tsarin ciniki, saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje, da kuma sarrafa fasaha ke takawa wajen tsara hanyoyin ci gaba. Duk da cewa ba koyaushe ake iya bayyana duk bambance-bambancen da ke cikin gogewar ci gaba ba, ka'idar dogaro tana taimakawa wajen wadatar da nazarin tattalin arzikin siyasa na duniya da kuma ƙarfafa tsarin manufofi wanda ya fi sanin rashin daidaiton tsari. A cikin duniyar da ke ƙara haɗuwa, fahimtar dogaro yana nufin fahimtar manyan ƙalubalen ƙasashe masu tasowa: gina 'yancin kai na tattalin arziki ba tare da ware kai ba, ƙara ƙima ba tare da shiga cikin sarƙoƙin ƙima na duniya masu ƙarancin daraja ba, da kuma tsara ci gaba wanda ba wai kawai ke mai da hankali kan ci gaba ba amma kuma yana da iko kuma yana haɗaka.
