Ra'ayin Mai Tsarin Gine-gine a Tattalin Arzikin Ci Gaba
Tattalin arzikin ci gaba wani reshe ne na tattalin arziki wanda ke nazarin yadda ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da matsakaitan kuɗi za su iya inganta jin daɗin mutanensu ta hanyar ci gaban tattalin arziki, rage talauci, ƙirƙirar ayyukan yi, da kuma sauyin tsarin mulki. A tsawon tarihin tunanin tattalin arziki na ci gaba, manyan makarantu da dama na tunani sun yi tasiri kan yadda masana da masu tsara manufofi ke tsara dabarun ci gaba. Wani hangen nesa da ya yi tasiri sosai, musamman a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 kuma har yanzu yana da mahimmanci a yau, shine hangen nesa na tsarin.
Ra'ayin masu ra'ayin tsarin gine-gine yana kallon babbar matsalar da ke faruwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa ba wai kawai rashin jari ko ƙarancin tanadi ba, har ma da wanzuwar tsarin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa marasa daidaito, masu tsauri, da marasa amfani a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya. A wata ma'anar, rashin ci gaba ana fahimtarsa a matsayin sakamakon tsarin samarwa, rarrabawa, da hulɗar kasuwanci waɗanda ke tsara halayen tattalin arziki. Don magance ƙarancin ci gaba, masu ra'ayin tsarin gine-gine suna jaddada buƙatar sauya tsarin gine-gine, ba kawai manufofin tattalin arziki na ɗan gajeren lokaci ba.
Tushen Tarihi da Manyan Halaye
Ra'ayin masu ra'ayin tsarin ya bayyana sosai bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, lokacin da ƙasashe da yawa a Asiya, Afirka, da Latin Amurka suka sami 'yancin kai kuma suka fuskanci ƙalubalen ci gaba. A Latin Amurka, wannan ra'ayi yana da alaƙa da tunanin Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Latin Amurka da Caribbean (ECLAC/CEPAL) a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Raúl Prebisch. Prebisch, tare da sauran masana tattalin arziki na tsarin, sun nuna rashin daidaito a cikin tsarin cinikayya na duniya, wanda aka ɗauka yana da illa ga ƙasashen da ke fitar da kayayyaki na farko.
Sauran alkaluma da ake dangantawa da tsarin tsarin (duka a cikin sigar gargajiya da ta asali) sun haɗa da Celso Furtado, Hans Singer (ta hanyar rubutun Prebisch-Singer), kuma, a cikin ci gaba na baya, masu tunani waɗanda ke haifar da sabuwar hanyar tsarin tsarin da ka'idar dogaro. Duk da cewa ka'idar dogaro tana da fifikon siyasa da tsattsauran ra'ayi, tana samo asali ne daga irin wannan damuwa: tsarin tattalin arzikin duniya yana ƙirƙirar dangantaka ta asali-gefe wadda ke ci gaba da rashin ci gaba.
Mahimman Ra'ayoyi: Cibiya-gefen da Lalacewar Sharuɗɗan Ciniki
Manufar tsakiya-gefen ƙasa ta bayyana duniya a matsayin tsarin tattalin arziki da aka raba tsakanin ƙasashe masu ci gaba a masana'antu (cibiya) da ƙasashe masu tasowa waɗanda suka dogara da fitar da kayayyaki (gefen). Cibiyar tana samar da kayayyaki masu daraja, yayin da yankin ke samar da kayan aiki da manyan kayayyaki.
A cikin wannan tsari, masu ra'ayin tsarin sun jaddada takardar Prebisch-Singer game da tabarbarewar sharuɗɗan ciniki. Wannan takardar ta bayyana cewa a cikin dogon lokaci, farashin manyan kayayyaki yana ƙaruwa a hankali fiye da farashin kayayyakin da aka ƙera. Sakamakon haka, ƙasashen da ke kewaye dole ne su fitar da ƙarin kayayyaki don shigo da irin adadin kayayyakin da aka ƙera. Wannan yanayin yana iyakance ikon ƙasashe masu tasowa na tara musayar kuɗi, shigo da injuna, da kuma haɓaka masana'antu.
Masana gine-gine sun kuma nuna cewa kasuwannin duniya ba koyaushe suke aiki "ba tare da tsangwama ba." Kasashen tsakiya suna da ikon kasuwa, fasaha, da cibiyoyi waɗanda ke sa su sami damar ci gaba da fa'idodinsu. A halin yanzu, ƙasashe masu tasowa galibi suna fuskantar canjin farashin kayayyaki, dogaro da wasu samfuran fitarwa, da kuma raunin ikon ciniki a cikin sarkar darajar duniya.
Tsarin Dualism da Rashin Daidaito na Ciki
Baya ga jaddada tsarin duniya, hangen nesa na tsarin ya kuma jaddada tsarin biyu a cikin gida. Kasashe masu tasowa da yawa suna da fannoni na zamani masu inganci (masana'antar birane, ayyuka na yau da kullun) tare da sassan gargajiya marasa inganci (noma na rayuwa, ɓangaren da ba na yau da kullun ba). Wannan tsarin biyu yana hana ci gaba da ɗaukar ma'aikata da yawa ta atomatik, wanda ke haifar da rashin aikin yi da kuma talauci mai yawa a koyaushe.
Wannan rashin daidaito shi ma yanki ne: yankunan birane suna bunƙasa da sauri fiye da yankunan karkara. Idan manufofin ci gaba kawai ke ƙarfafa ci gaban ɓangaren zamani ba tare da dabarun daidaita damammaki ba, sakamakon zai iya zama "ci gaba ba tare da ci gaba ba": GDP yana ƙaruwa, amma rashin daidaito yana faɗaɗa kuma rage talauci yana da jinkiri sosai.
Masana gine-gine sun yi imanin cewa kasuwannin aiki, mallakar filaye, samun ilimi, da kuma tsarin samar da kayayyaki na iya haifar da cikas ga motsi na zamantakewa. Saboda haka, sauyin tsarin ba wai kawai batun canza tsarin sassan tattalin arziki ba ne, har ma ya shafi gyara cibiyoyin tattalin arziki na zamantakewa.
Tsarin Sauya Masana'antu da Shigo da Kaya (ISI)
Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun shawarwarin manufofi na makarantar gine-gine ta gargajiya shine masana'antu ta hanyar maye gurbin shigo da kaya (ISI). Ainihin, ƙasashe masu tasowa suna buƙatar rage dogaro da kayayyakin da aka shigo da su daga ƙasashen waje ta hanyar gina masana'antu na cikin gida waɗanda za su iya samar da waɗannan kayayyaki.
Ana samun ISI ta hanyar kariyar haraji, ƙa'idodin shigo da kaya daga ƙasashen waje, tallafin kuɗi, da kuma shigar da gwamnati cikin harkokin saka hannun jari a masana'antu. Manufar ba wai kawai a "yaƙi" ciniki ba ce, a'a, a'a, a ƙirƙiri tushen masana'antu wanda ke ba da damar ƙara yawan aiki, canja wurin fasaha, da ƙirƙirar ayyukan yi a hukumance.
Ga masu ra'ayin tsarin gine-gine, ana ganin ci gaban masana'antu a matsayin wata hanya ta kawo sauyi a tsarin gine-gine: motsi na ma'aikata daga ƙananan fannoni zuwa manyan fannoni masu yawan aiki. A ƙarshe, ana sa ran wannan zai ƙarfafa ikon ƙasashe masu tasowa na fitar da kayayyakin da aka ƙera da kuma inganta matsayinsu a harkokin kasuwancin ƙasashen duniya.
Matsayin Jiha: Jiha a Matsayin Wakilin Sauyi
Sabanin tsarin laissez-faire, wanda ke jaddada ƙarancin tsoma bakin gwamnati, masu ra'ayin tsarin suna kallon gwamnati a matsayin muhimmiyar mai taka rawa a ci gaba. Wannan ya dogara ne akan zato cewa kasuwanni a ƙasashe masu tasowa galibi suna gazawa (gazawar kasuwa), misali saboda rashin bayanai, matsalolin fasaha, ƙarancin kayayyakin more rayuwa, da kuma ƙarancin damar samun kuɗi.
Ana buƙatar jiha ta:
1. Tsara manufofin masana'antu: zaɓar fannoni masu mahimmanci, ƙarfafa koyon fasaha, da kuma gina ƙarfin samarwa.
2. Gina ababen more rayuwa: hanyoyi, wutar lantarki, tashoshin jiragen ruwa, da haɗin kai wanda ke rage farashin jigilar kayayyaki.
3. Gyaran noma da manufofin karkara: ƙara yawan amfanin gona, ƙarfafa tsaron abinci, da rage rashin daidaiton mallakar gidaje.
4. Haɓaka cibiyoyin kuɗi na ci gaba: bankunan ci gaba da tsare-tsaren bashi waɗanda ke tallafawa saka hannun jari na dogon lokaci.
5. Gudanar da daidaiton babban abu: rage tasirin canjin yanayi na waje, gami da canjin farashin kayayyaki da kwararar jari.
Daga mahangar tsarin mulki, nasarar ci gaba ta dogara ne akan ƙarfin gwamnati da ingancin hukumomi. Ana ganin shiga tsakani na gwamnati ya zama dole, amma dole ne ya kasance tare da kyakkyawan shugabanci don gujewa haifar da rashin inganci ko cin hanci da rashawa.
Sukar Tsarin Mulki
Duk da tasirin da take da shi, ra'ayin masana tsarin gargajiya ba ya rasa masu sukarsa. Manufofin ISI a wasu ƙasashe sun haifar da ƙarancin gasa a masana'antu saboda kariya ta dogon lokaci. Ƙarfin kariya wani lokacin yana haɓaka "neman haya," wani hali wanda ke neman riba ta hanyar kusanci da gwamnati, maimakon ta hanyar kirkire-kirkire da ingancin samarwa. Bugu da ƙari, yawan kuɗaɗen masana'antu ba tare da tushen fitar da kaya mai ƙarfi ba na iya haifar da daidaiton gibin biyan kuɗi da rikicin bashi.
Wasu masu suka suna jayayya cewa tsarin mulki wani lokacin ba ya daidaita yanayin kasuwanci, abubuwan ƙarfafawa a kasuwa, da kuma mahimmancin buɗewar kasuwanci. Abubuwan da suka faru na "ƙasashe masu tasowa na zamani" a Gabashin Asiya - kamar Koriya ta Kudu da Taiwan - galibi ana ambaton su a matsayin misalai na nasarar masana'antu ba saboda kariyar kai kaɗai ba, har ma da haɗakar manufofin masana'antu masu kyau, yanayin fitar da kayayyaki, da kuma kimanta aiki mai tsauri na kamfanonin da ke samun tallafi.
Sabon Tsarin Gine-gine da Dacewa ta Zamani
A cikin sabbin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan, abin da ake kira "sabon tsarin mulki," ko kuma wata hanya da ta haɗa fahimtar tsarin mulki da gaskiyar duniya, ta bayyana. Hankali ya koma daga maye gurbin shigo da kaya zuwa canjin tsarin da ya dogara da gasa, koyon fasaha, da kuma haɗakar zaɓi cikin sarƙoƙin ƙima na duniya.
Matsalolin zamani suna nuna muhimmancin tsarin gini a wani sabon salo. Dogara ga kayayyaki ya kasance matsala ga ƙasashe da yawa, musamman lokacin da farashin duniya ke faɗuwa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙalubalen masana'antu yanzu sun haɗa da sarrafa kansa, tattalin arzikin dijital, da sauyin makamashi mai kyau. Ƙasashe masu tasowa suna fuskantar haɗarin "rage masana'antu kafin lokaci," inda tsarin ke faruwa kafin masana'antar masana'antu ta kai ga balaga. Wannan ya haifar da babbar tambaya: ta yaya za a iya aiwatar da dabarun canza tsarin gini a zamanin da masana'antu ba sa ɗaukar ma'aikata da yawa kamar yadda suke yi a da?
Ra'ayin masana tsarin gine-gine ya bayar da amsar cewa ci gaba har yanzu yana buƙatar canje-canje a cikin tsarin samar da kayayyaki, gami da ƙara sarkakiyar tattalin arziki, rarraba kayayyaki zuwa ƙasashen waje, da haɓaka ƙwarewar fasaha. Ƙasashe suna buƙatar tsara manufofi waɗanda ke ƙarfafa fannoni masu yawan samar da kayayyaki, ko a cikin masana'antu na zamani, masana'antu na noma, ko ayyukan da suka shafi fasaha, yayin da har yanzu suna mai da hankali kan daidaito.
Penutup
Ra'ayin masana tsarin tattalin arziki a fannin tattalin arziki na ci gaba yana koyar da cewa rashin ci gaban tattalin arziki ba za a iya fahimtarsa kawai a matsayin rashin jari ko batun manyan manufofi ba. Rashin ci gaba yana da alaƙa da tsarin tattalin arziki na cikin gida mai ra'ayin biyu, cibiyoyi marasa haɗin kai, da kuma matsayin ƙasashe masu tasowa marasa daidaito a cikin tsarin tattalin arzikin duniya. Saboda haka, dabarun ci gaba bisa ga masana tsarin suna buƙatar sauyin tsari ta hanyar masana'antu, bambancin tattalin arziki, da kuma rawar da gwamnati ke takawa wajen magance matsalolin kasuwa da gina ƙarfin samar da kayayyaki.
Duk da cewa wasu manufofin tsarin gargajiya sun jawo suka, babban ra'ayin ya kasance mai mahimmanci: ci gaba tsari ne na canji na asali a cikin tsarin samarwa da rarrabawa wanda ke tantance wanda zai amfana daga ci gaba. A tsakanin ƙalubalen duniya na yau - canjin tattalin arziki, rashin daidaito, da canjin fasaha - hangen nesa na tsarin har yanzu yana da mahimmanci a matsayin tsarin fahimtar dalilin da yasa wasu ƙasashe ke fama da "haɓaka" da abin da ake buƙatar yi don tabbatar da ci gaba mai ɗorewa da haɗin kai.
