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### Yadda Hubble Telescope Ke Aiki
Taswirar Hubble Space Telescope (HST) ta sauya fahimtarmu game da sararin samaniya tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da ita a shekarar 1990. Hubble, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 547 (mil 340) sama da Duniya, bayan gurɓatar yanayi, yana ba da haske mai haske da cikakken bayani game da taurari masu nisa, taurari, da sauran abubuwan da ke faruwa a sararin samaniya. Amma ta yaya wannan abin al'ajabi na injiniyanci na zamani yake aiki? Wannan labarin ya yi zurfi cikin muhimman sassa, ƙa'idodi, da ayyukan da suka sanya HST kayan aiki mara misaltuwa a fannin ilmin taurari.
#### Yanayin Tarihi da Manufofin Manufa
Manufar Hubble Space Telescope ta samo asali ne tun daga shekarun 1940, kodayake ba sai a shekarun 1970 ba ne aka fara tsara abin da zai zama ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan kimiyya mafi nasara na NASA. An sanya wa tauraron dan adam Edwin Hubble suna, babban burin aikin na'urar hangen nesa shine bincika tsarin sararin samaniya, samuwar taurari da taurari, halayen taurari a cikin tsarin hasken rana, da kuma gabaɗaya, don amsa tambayoyi na asali game da matsayinmu a cikin sararin samaniya.
#### Abubuwan da ke cikin na'urar hangen nesa ta Hubble Space
Fahimtar yadda Hubble ke aiki yana farawa ne da rarraba manyan abubuwan da ke cikinsa.
1. Haɗa Tashar Nunin Fitilar Kaya (OTA):
– Madubi na Farko: Zuciyar Hubble, madubin farko tana da diamita mita 2.4 (ƙafa 7.9). Tana tattara haske daga abubuwan sama kuma tana nuna shi a madubin na biyu.
– Madubi na Biyu: Wannan ƙaramin madubi, wanda aka sanya a saman madubin farko, yana sake haskaka haske, yana mai da shi ƙasa zuwa cikin babban kayan aikin.
2. Kayan Aikin Kimiyya:
Hubble yana da kayan aikin kimiyya na zamani, kowannensu ya ƙware don nau'ikan abubuwan lura daban-daban:
– Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3): Wannan kyamarar tana ɗaukar hotuna masu inganci a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan lantarki guda uku daban-daban: ultraviolet, bayyane, da kuma kusa da infrared.
- Kyamara Mai Ci Gaba Don Bincike (ACS): An inganta shi don lura da salon bincike, yana iya ɗaukar manyan yankuna na sarari dalla-dalla.
– Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS): An ƙera shi don nazarin hasken ultraviolet daga tushen sama, yana bayyana bayanai game da abun da ke ciki, zafin jiki, yawansa, da motsi.
– Taswirar Hoto ta Sararin Samaniya (STIS): Waɗannan haɗin gwiwar fasahar daukar hoto da ta spectroscopy suna ba da damar yin cikakken bincike game da hanyoyin sinadarai da halayen jiki.
– Kusa da Kyamarar Infrared da Spectrometer Mai Abubuwa da yawa (NICMOS): Duk da cewa ba ya aiki, NICMOS ta kasance mai mahimmanci ga lura da infrared kafin WFC3 ta karɓi wannan rawar.
3. Tsarin Tallafi:
– Tsarin Kula da Nuni: Daidaito a sararin samaniya shine mafi mahimmanci, kuma tsarin nunin daidai na Hubble yana amfani da na'urori masu auna gyroscopes da firikwensin jagora masu kyau don kiyaye daidaiton yanayin. Wannan tsarin yana bawa na'urar hangen nesa damar kullewa akan abin da aka nufa tare da daidaiton arcseconds 0.007.
– Tsarin Gudanar da Bayanai: Hubble yana da tsarin kwamfuta wanda ke sarrafa lura, adana bayanai, da kuma aika wannan bayanin zuwa Duniya. Ana isar da bayanan ta hanyar Tsarin Tauraron Dan Adam na Bin Diddigi da Sake Gudanar da Bayanai (TDRSS).
#### Ka'idojin da ke Bayan Aikin Hubble
Aikin Hubble ya dogara ne akan wasu muhimman ka'idoji na kimiyyar lissafi da injiniyanci:
1. Tunani da Rarrabawa:
Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, Hubble ya dogara ne akan madubinsa na farko da na biyu don ɗaukar haske da kuma mayar da hankali kan haske. Waɗannan maduban an lulluɓe su da siririn aluminum, sai kuma wani Layer mai kariya na magnesium fluoride, wanda ke ƙara haske da rage warwatsewa.
2. Duban dan tayi:
Spectroscopy yana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen gano sinadaran da ke cikin abubuwan da aka lura. Ta hanyar raba haske zuwa launukan da ke cikinsa (bakan), kayan aiki kamar COS da STIS za su iya gano sa hannu na musamman waɗanda suka dace da takamaiman abubuwa da ƙwayoyin halitta.
3. Bakan Wutar Lantarki:
Hubble ya lura da nau'ikan hasken lantarki iri-iri, tun daga hasken ultraviolet zuwa kusan infrared. Wannan ikon yana ba shi damar gano abubuwan da ido ba zai iya gani ba, har ma da wasu wuraren kallo na ƙasa waɗanda tsangwama ta yanayi ke iyakance su.
#### Ayyukan: Yadda Hubble Ke Gudanar da Lura
1. Tsarin Manufa da Zaɓin Manufa:
Kafin Hubble ya yi wani bincike, dole ne masana kimiyya a duniya su tantance manufofinsa. Shawarwari kan lokacin lura sun fito ne daga masana ilmin taurari a duk duniya, kuma waɗannan shawarwari an tantance su sosai kuma an tsara su.
2. Nuni da Kwanciyar Hankali:
Da zarar an zaɓi wani abu da za a yi amfani da shi, na'urorin hangen nesa na Hubble masu inganci da kuma na'urori masu auna jagora masu kyau suna aiki tare don nuna na'urar hangen nesa zuwa ga alkiblar da ake so. Hubble yana kewaya Duniya a kimanin kilomita 27,300 a kowace awa (mil 17,000 a kowace awa), yana kammala zagaye kusan kowace minti 97. Duk da wannan saurin motsi, tsarin nuninsa yana ba shi damar mai da hankali kan abubuwa masu nisa na tsawon lokaci.
3. Tattara Bayanai:
Yayin da haske daga wani abu na sama ya shiga na'urar hangen nesa kuma madubai suka mayar da hankali a kai, ana mayar da shi zuwa ga kayan aikin kimiyya da ya dace. Dangane da buƙatun lura, kayan aikin na iya ɗaukar hotuna, nazarin spectra, ko ma auna polarizations.
4. Watsawa da Sarrafa Bayanai:
Ana aika bayanan da aka tattara zuwa Duniya ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta TDRSS. Ana adana su, ana sarrafa su, kuma ana daidaita su a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Telescope ta Sararin Samaniya (STScI) da ke Baltimore, Maryland. Sannan ana samar da bayanan da aka sarrafa ga masana ilmin taurari da jama'a, wanda hakan ke ba da gudummawa ga binciken kimiyya marasa adadi.
#### Nasarori da Gudummawa
Tun bayan ƙaddamar da Hubble, Hubble ya kawo sauyi a fahimtarmu game da sararin samaniya. Wasu daga cikin muhimman gudummawarsa sun haɗa da:
– Zamanin Duniya: Ta hanyar lura da taurari masu canzawa a cikin taurari masu nisa, Hubble ya taimaka wajen daidaita shekarun sararin samaniya zuwa kimanin shekaru biliyan 13.8.
– Makamashin Duhu: Abubuwan da Hubble ya lura da su na supernovae mai nisa sun ba da muhimmiyar shaida ga wanzuwar makamashin duhu, wani ƙarfi mai ban mamaki da ke haifar da hanzarta faɗaɗar sararin samaniya.
– Yanayin da ke waje da duniya: Hubble ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen siffanta yanayin da taurari ke kewaye da wasu taurari, yana gano tururin ruwa, methane, da sauran kwayoyin halitta.
– Hotunan Zurfi: Filin Zurfi na Hubble da magajinsa (Filin Zurfi Mai Tsanani, Filin Zurfi Mai Tsanani) sun bayyana sararin samaniya cike da taurari, kowannensu a matakai daban-daban na juyin halitta, suna faɗaɗa iliminmu game da ilmin sararin samaniya da samuwar taurari.
#### Kalubale da Kulawa
Tafiyar Hubble ba ta yi kyau sosai ba. Nan da nan bayan ƙaddamar da shi, an gano wani lahani a lanƙwasa madubin farko, wanda ya haifar da hotuna marasa kyau. An yi wa wannan matsalar gyara sosai a shekarar 1993 ta hanyar wani aikin gyara da ya kafa Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR), wanda ya ba Hubble “gilashin” da kuma dawo da haskensa na gani.
Ayyukan hidima guda biyar da 'yan sama jannati a cikin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na sararin samaniya suka gudanar sun inganta tsarin Hubble, sun maye gurbin tsoffin kayan aiki da sababbi, kuma sun tabbatar da ci gaba da aiki. Na ƙarshe daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun faru ne a shekarar 2009, kuma tun daga lokacin, Hubble ya ci gaba da samar da hotuna masu ban mamaki da bayanai masu mahimmanci na kimiyya.
### Saka ido
Duk da cewa magajin Hubble, James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), yana shirye ya jagoranci binciken ilmin taurari tare da ci gaban fasaharsa, gadon Hubble zai dawwama. Tare, waɗannan na'urorin lura za su ba da damar samun ƙarin haske, tare da Hubble mai da hankali kan hasken ultraviolet da kuma abubuwan da ake iya gani.
