Getting to Know Various Space Telescopes
Sararin Samaniya—iyakar ƙarshe—faɗi mai faɗi wanda ke ci gaba da burge ɗan adam da sirrinsa da abubuwan al'ajabinsa. Fahimtarmu game da wannan sararin samaniya mara iyaka ta samu ƙaruwa sosai ta hanyar na'urorin hangen nesa na sararin samaniya, waɗanda suka kawo sauyi ga ilmin taurari. Waɗannan kayan aikin zamani, waɗanda ke zagayawa sama da karkacewar da yanayin duniya ya haifar, suna ba mu haske da zurfi mara misaltuwa a cikin abubuwan da suka lura. Ga cikakken nazari kan wasu daga cikin na'urorin hangen nesa na sararin samaniya mafi shahara waɗanda suka faɗaɗa sararin samaniyarmu.
The Hubble Space Telescope
Babu wani tattaunawa game da na'urorin hangen nesa na sararin samaniya da zai cika ba tare da ambaton na'urar hangen nesa ta Hubble Space Telescope (HST) mai daraja ba. An ƙaddamar da Hubble a shekarar 1990 ta NASA, kuma yana zagayawa kimanin kilomita 547 a sama da Duniya. Duk da matsalolin fasaha na farko, na'urar hangen nesa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin kimiyya mafi inganci da aka taɓa ƙirƙira.
An sanye shi da madubi na farko mai tsawon mita 2.4 da kayan aikin kimiyya daban-daban, Hubble ya yi fice wajen ɗaukar hotuna masu ƙuduri mai girma a cikin raƙuman haske, ultraviolet, da kuma kusa da infrared. Abubuwan da ya gano sun kasance masu girma, tun daga tsarin taurarin da aka tsara har zuwa gano duniyoyin da ba su da sauran halittu. Hotunan Hubble Deep Field, waɗanda ke nuna dubban taurari a cikin firam ɗaya, sun canza fahimtarmu game da girman da shekarun sararin samaniya.
Hubble yana ci gaba da aika hotuna da bayanai masu ban mamaki waɗanda ke samar da ayyukan bincike marasa adadi, suna taimaka mana mu yi nazarin abubuwan da suka faru kamar ramukan baƙi, nebulae, da kuma yadda duniya ke faɗaɗa. Babu shakka gadonsa zai yi tasiri ga ayyukan ilmin taurari na gaba.
The James Webb Space Telescope
An shirya zai maye gurbin Hubble, na'urar hangen nesa ta sararin samaniya ta James Webb (JWST) wani aiki ne mai girma da ke shirin ƙara zurfafa bincike kan sararin samaniya. An sanya wa JWST suna bayan James E. Webb, wani jami'in NASA wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a ayyukan Apollo, kuma JWST wani aiki ne na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin NASA, Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Turai (ESA), da Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Kanada (CSA).
An tsara ƙaddamar da shi a watan Disamba na 2021, JWST tana da madubi mai tsawon mita 6.5, wanda ya fi girma fiye da na Hubble, wanda hakan ya ba ta damar tattara haske sosai. An tsara shi ne don lura a cikin hasken infrared, wanda zai ba shi damar leƙawa ta cikin gajimaren ƙurar sararin samaniya da kuma ɗaukar hotuna daga sararin samaniya na farko. Masana kimiyya suna tsammanin JWST zai taimaka wajen buɗe sirrin da ke tattare da samuwar taurari da taurari, haɓaka fahimtarmu game da tsarin duniyoyi, kuma wataƙila ma ya sami alamu game da asalin rayuwa.
Tsarin kirkirar JWST ya haɗa da garkuwar rana mai girman filin wasan tennis don kare kayan aikinta daga hasken rana, wanda ke tabbatar da yanayin zafi mafi kyau. Za a sanya na'urar hangen nesa a wurin Lagrange na biyu (L2), kimanin kilomita miliyan 1.5 daga Duniya, wanda hakan zai ba ta damar kiyaye kyakkyawan hangen nesa na sararin samaniya.
The Chandra X-ray Observatory
Duk da cewa Hubble ya fi lura da haske mai gani, Chandra X-ray Observatory ya fi mai da hankali kan X-ray, yana ba da wani hangen nesa game da sararin samaniya. An ƙaddamar da Chandra a shekarar 1999, yana aiki a cikin kewaya mai siffar elliptical, yana kaiwa nisan kilomita 139,000 daga Duniya. Wannan wurin yana ba shi damar guje wa tsangwama daga yanayin kama X-ray na Duniya.
An sanya wa Chandra suna ne bayan wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, babban ƙudurin kusurwar da ya yi yana ba shi damar ɗaukar hotunan X-ray daga wurare masu zafi na sararin samaniya, kamar ragowar taurarin da suka fashe, tarin taurari, da abubuwa da ke kewaye da ramukan baƙi. Abubuwan da ya gano sun kasance masu mahimmanci wajen fahimtar hanyoyin makamashi masu yawa waɗanda ke tsara sararin samaniya.
Misali, Chandra ya bayar da bayanai game da yanayin duhun abu ta hanyar nazarin karo tsakanin tarin taurari kuma ya taimaka wajen warware asirin abin da ya ɓace a sararin samaniya. Wannan na'urar lura ta ci gaba da ƙara wa sauran na'urorin hangen nesa, tana zana cikakken hoto na abubuwan da ke faruwa a sararin samaniyarmu.
The Spitzer Space Telescope
An ƙaddamar da Spitzer Space Telescope a shekarar 2003, wanda ya ƙware a fannin lura da infrared, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar ganin bayan hasken da ƙurar sararin samaniya ta ɓoye. An sanya masa suna bayan Lyman Spitzer, babban mai fafutukar samar da na'urorin hangen nesa na sararin samaniya, Spitzer ya ba da fahimtar yankunan sararin samaniya masu sanyi da ƙura.
Ƙarfin infrared ɗinsa ya ba masana ilmin taurari damar yin nazarin abubuwan da suka faru kamar samuwar taurari, tsarin taurari, da kuma yanayin sararin samaniya. Spitzer ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gano tsarin TRAPPIST-1, wani tauraro da ke kusa da shi wanda ke ɗauke da taurari bakwai masu girman duniya, uku daga cikinsu suna cikin yankin da za a iya rayuwa a ciki.
Duk da cewa Spitzer ya daina aiki a shekarar 2020 bayan ya ƙare da ruwan sanyi da ake buƙata don kayan aikinsa masu mahimmanci, gudummawarsa ta ci gaba da kasancewa ta hanyar tarin bayanai masu mahimmanci.
The Kepler Space Telescope
An ƙaddamar da na'urar hangen nesa ta sararin samaniya ta Kepler Space Telescope, wacce aka keɓe don nemo taurari masu kama da Duniya, ta kasance mai sauya fasalin binciken duniyar waje. Ta amfani da hanyar wucewa, Kepler ya lura da hasken taurari sama da 150,000, yana gano ƙananan nutsewa da duniyoyi ke yi a gabansu.
Binciken Kepler ya kasance kamar juyin juya hali. Ya tabbatar da cewa sama da duniyoyi 2,600 ne suka wanzu, wanda hakan ya faɗaɗa iliminmu game da nau'ikan duniyoyi da kuma yadda suke yaɗuwa. Kepler ya nuna cewa duniyoyi masu girman duniya sun zama ruwan dare a yankunan da taurarinsu ke rayuwa, yana mai nuna cewa sararin samaniya yana cike da duniyoyi masu rayuwa.
Ko da bayan babban aikinta ya ƙare a shekarar 2013 saboda matsalolin injiniya, Kepler ya ci gaba da aiki a cikin aikin K2, yana ci gaba da neman duniyoyin da ba su da sauran halittu da kuma nazarin abubuwan da suka faru na sararin samaniya daban-daban har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2018.
The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
An ƙaddamar da na'urar hangen nesa ta Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, wacce aka sanya wa suna bayan masanin kimiyyar lissafi Enrico Fermi, a shekarar 2008, tana mai da hankali kan abubuwan da suka fi ƙarfin duniya. Ta hanyar lura da haskoki na gamma, Fermi tana ba da haske game da abubuwan da suka faru kamar supernovae, taurarin neutron, da fashewar gamma-ray.
Abubuwan da aka gano sun haɗa da gano kumfa mai haske daga tsakiyar Milky Way, wanda ake tsammanin ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka faru a baya a tsakiyar tauraronmu. Abubuwan da Fermi ya lura sun kasance masu mahimmanci wajen nazarin haskoki masu ƙarfi da kuma haɓaka fahimtarmu game da abubuwa masu duhu.
Conclusion
Babu shakka na'urorin hangen nesa na sararin samaniya sun kawo sauyi ga fahimtarmu game da sararin samaniya. Daga hotunan Hubble masu ban sha'awa zuwa ga binciken Kepler na waje da gudummawar da JWST ke tsammani, waɗannan kayan aikin sun faɗaɗa iliminmu kuma sun buɗe sabbin hanyoyi don bincike. Yayin da fasaha ke ci gaba, na'urorin hangen nesa na sararin samaniya na gaba za su ci gaba da bayyana sirrin sararin samaniya, suna ƙarfafa ɗan adam don isa ga taurari da kuma amsa tambayoyi marasa iyaka game da asalinmu da wurinmu a cikin sararin samaniya.
