Ababelethisi Emasikweni Endawo: Abaqaphi Besiko Nempilo
Kusukela ezimakethe ezimatasa zaseMarrakech kuya emaphandleni athule aseKyoto, ababelethisi bebelokhu behlonishwa emasikweni endawo emhlabeni wonke. Laba ochwepheshe abazinikele abagcini nje ngokuqinisekisa ukulethwa kwempilo entsha okuphephile kodwa futhi basebenza njengabagcini bamasiko akudala amakhulu eminyaka acebisa imiphakathi abayikhonzayo. Lapho kuhlangana khona ukunakekelwa kwempilo, isiko, kanye nesakhiwo senhlalo, umbelethisi uhlanganisa isixhumanisi esiyingqayizivele esigcizelela ukubaluleka kwawo okubalulekile emiphakathini.
Izimpande Zomlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
Ukubelethisa kunemvelaphi yasendulo, kanye nobufakazi bababelethisi abasukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Imibhalo evela eGibhithe lasendulo, eGrisi, naseRoma ibhekisela kule mikhuba ebalulekile. Emasikweni amaningi omdabu, ukubelethisa bekulokhu kuyisisekelo sempilo yomphakathi amakhulu eminyaka. Isibonelo, emiphakathini yamaNdiya aseMelika, ababelethisi babenendima ekabili njengabachwepheshe bezokwelapha kanye nabaqondisi abangokomoya, abaphathiswe izici zomzimba neze-metaphysical zokubeletha.
EJapane, igama elithi “sanba” libhekisela kubabelethisi bendabuko abebenomthwalo wemfanelo wokusiza ekubelethweni iminyaka engamakhulu. Indima yabo idlulela ngale kokubeletha nje kuphela; ama-sanba ayengabafundisi, efundisa omama abazoba omama maduze ngokunakekelwa kokubeletha kanye nokululama ngemva kokubeletha. Lokhu kuqhubeka kokunakekelwa kuthuthukisa ubudlelwano obujulile phakathi kwababelethisi nemindeni abayikhonzayo, okwenza kube yingxenye ebalulekile empilweni yomndeni kanye neyomphakathi.
Ababelethisi njengabagcini besiko
Ngaphandle kolwazi lwabo lwezokwelapha, ababelethisi bavame ukubhekwa njengabalindi befa lamasiko. Emasikweni amaningi ase-Afrika, isibonelo, ababelethisi bafaka amasiko nemikhuba yendabuko emikhubeni yabo. AmaMaasai aseKenya naseTanzania abheka ukubeletha njengesenzakalo sendawo yonke, lapho ababelethisi behola khona imikhosi yokomoya ukuvikela umama nomntwana emimoyeni emibi.
ELatin America, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifana neMexico neGuatemala, “ama-partera” noma ababelethisi bendabuko, bavame ukuhlanganisa imikhuba yendabuko namakhono abo okwelapha. La ma-partera asebenzisa amakhambi, ukubhucungwa, kanye nezibusiso ezingokomoya eziye zadluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane ukuqinisekisa inhlalakahle yeziguli zawo. Indlela yawo ephelele yokubeletha ihlonishwa kakhulu futhi iyaziswa, okubonisa ukuthi izindlela zendabuko kanye nemithi yesimanje zingahlala kanjani ndawonye futhi zihambisane.
Imfundo Nokudluliselwa Kolwazi
Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zokubelethisa ukudluliselwa kolwazi ngomlomo. Emasikweni amaningi, amakhono okubelethisa adluliselwa kodokotela abanolwazi kuya kubafundi abangochwepheshe. Lolu hlobo lwemfundo luqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi lwendabuko oluyigugu luyalondolozwa, kuyilapho futhi luvumelana nentuthuko entsha kwezesayensi yezokwelapha.
Isibonelo, abantu baseHunza enyakatho yePakistan banesiko elibanzi lokubelethisa elihlanganisa izitshalo zokwelapha zasendaweni namasu okusebenza ngezandla. Ababelethisi abasebasha bafunda ngokuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile, bavame ukuqala ukuqeqeshwa kwabo ebusheni futhi baqhubeke baze babe ngabantu abadala. Le modeli yokufundisa ivumela ukuqoqwa kwenqolobane enkulu yolwazi elungiselelwe izidingo nezimo ezithile zomphakathi.
Indima Yombelethisi Ekunakekelweni Kwezempilo Kwanamuhla
Nakuba kugxile kakhulu emasikweni, ukubelethisa kuyaqhubeka nokukhula. Ezindaweni eziningi, ukuhlanganiswa kwababelethisi ezinhlelweni zokunakekelwa kwempilo ezisemthethweni kuye kwabonakala kuzuzisa kakhulu. Izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi ukunakekelwa okuholwa ngababelethisi kunganciphisa kakhulu amazinga okufa komama kanye nezinsana. Izinhlangano ezifana ne-World Health Organization (WHO) kanye ne-United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) zikhuthaze ukufakwa kwababelethisi ekunakekelweni kwempilo okuyisisekelo njengendlela yokuthuthukisa imiphumela yezempilo kamama.
Emazweni afana neNetherlands, ukubelethisa kuwumsebenzi ozinzile. Ababelethisi baseDashi abagcini nje ngokuba nesibopho sengxenye enkulu yokuzalwa kwezwe kodwa futhi basebenza ngokubambisana nodokotela bezokubelethisa nabanye abahlinzeki bezempilo. Le ndlela ehlanganisiwe iqinisekisa ukuthi omama abakhulelwe bathola ukunakekelwa okuphelele, okuhlanganisa amakhono obuchwepheshe bezokwelapha odokotela kanye nokunakekelwa komuntu siqu okuqhubekayo okuvamile kwababelethisi.
Izinselele Nokumela
Naphezu kokubaluleka kwabo, ababelethisi bavame ukubhekana nezinselele ezinkulu. Ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, basebenza ezimweni ezinzima lapho bengenazo izikhungo zezokwelapha nezinto ezidingekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushintsha kwamasiko kanye nokusabalala kwezempilo emhlabeni wonke ngezinye izikhathi kungalimaza imikhuba yendabuko, kubeke ababelethisi esivumelwaneni phakathi kokugcina amasiko amadala nokuzivumelanisa nezindinganiso zezokwelapha zanamuhla.
Izinhlangano zokumela kanye nezinhlangano zobungcweti zidlala indima ebalulekile ekubhekaneni nalezi zinselele. Amaqembu afana ne-International Confederation of Midwives (ICM) asebenza ukusekela ababelethisi ngezinhlelo zokuqeqesha, ukumela inqubomgomo, kanye nokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokuphakamisa isimo sababelethisi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi bathola ukwesekwa abakudingayo, lezi zinhlangano zisiza ekusekeleni indima ebalulekile yababelethisi empilweni yomhlaba wonke.
Ikusasa Lokubeletha
Njengoba umhlaba uxhumana kakhulu, indima yababelethisi cishe izokhula futhi ihlukahlukene. Intuthuko kwezokwelapha ngocingo kanye nobuchwepheshe bezempilo beselula inikeza izindlela ezithembisayo zokuthuthukisa amakhono ababelethisi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezikude noma ezinganakekelwa kahle. Lawa mathuluzi anganikeza ababelethisi ukufinyelela kwangempela kweseluleko sezokwelapha, izinsiza kanye nokusekelwa, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe imiphumela yomama nezingane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ukuqashelwa okwandayo kwesidingo sokuhlonipha nokuhlanganisa imikhuba yendabuko ngaphakathi kwezinhlaka zesimanje zokunakekelwa kwempilo. Imizamo yokubhala phansi nokugcina ulwazi lwababelethisi bomdabu iyaqhubeka nokukhula, iqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zimpahla zamasiko ezibalulekile azilahleki. Le ndlela ebanzi ayigcini nje ngokuqinisa izinhlelo zokunakekelwa kwempilo kodwa futhi ithuthukisa isisekelo samasiko omphakathi.
Isiphetho
Ababelethisi banendawo eyingqayizivele emasikweni endawo emhlabeni jikelele, behlanganisa inhlanganisela yokunakekelwa kwempilo kanye nesiko elingapheli futhi elibalulekile. Umsebenzi wabo udlula isenzo esilula sokubeletha izingane; uhilela ukunakekela inhlalakahle engokomzimba, engokomzwelo, kanye neyamasiko yemiphakathi yonke. Njengoba sibheke esikhathini esizayo, kubalulekile ukuhlonipha nokusekela indima ebalulekile yababelethisi, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bayaqhubeka nokuba ngabaqaphi bempilo kanye nefa emphakathini wesintu ohlala ushintshashintsha.
