Umlando Wokutholakala Kwezibani Ezikhanyayo
Namuhla, izibani ze-fluorescent ziyindlela evamile yokukhanyisa esetshenziswa ezindaweni ezahlukene, kusukela emahhovisi nasezikoleni kuya emakhaya abantu. Ukuthandwa kwazo ngokuqinisekile akunasizathu; izibani ze-fluorescent zaziwa ngokusebenza kwazo kahle kakhulu kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside uma kuqhathaniswa nezibani ezivamile ze-incandescent. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwazo zonke izinzuzo zazo zobuchwepheshe kukhona umlando omude kanye nohambo oluthakazelisayo lwesayensi oluzungeze ukusungulwa kwezibani ze-fluorescent.
Ukuqala Kokutholakala Kokukhanya Okukhanyayo
Igama elithi "fluorescent" livela kwelithi "fluorite," iminerali eyatholwa yisazi se-geology uGeorge Gabriel Stokes ngo-1852. UStokes waphawula ukuthi i-fluorite ingakhipha ukukhanya uma ivezwa ekukhanyeni kwe-ultraviolet. Lesi simo saziwa ngokuthi "i-fluorescence." Kodwa-ke, ukutholakala kokukhanya kwe-fluorescent akuzange kuhunyushwe ngokushesha kube ubuchwepheshe bokukhanyisa, njengoba lo mqondo wawusesesigabeni sokuhlola isayensi.
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, ososayensi abaningana baba nesithakazelo kulesi simo futhi bafuna ukuqonda izakhiwo zokukhanya nokuthuthukisa izindlela ezintsha zokukukhiqiza. Omunye wososayensi abaphambili abasebenza kulo mkhakha kwakunguHeinrich Geissler, umakhenikha waseJalimane nomenzi wezinsimbi. Ngo-1856, uGeissler wasungula ithubhu iGeissler, ithuluzi elakhiwe ithubhu yengilazi equkethe igesi ngaphansi komfutho ophansi. Lapho kufakwa ugesi ethubhuni, igesi engaphakathi kwethubhu yakhiqiza ukukhanya. Lokhu kutholwa kwakuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bokukhanyisa okukhanyayo.
UNikola Tesla noJohn Tyndall
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, uNikola Tesla, umuntu owaziwa ngezinto eziningi ezintsha ngogesi kanye nemagnetism, naye wenza uchungechunge lwezivivinyo esebenzisa amagesi anomfutho ophansi kanye nogesi ukuze akhiqize ukukhanya. Ngo-1893, uTesla wabonisa umqondo wokukhanyisa okungenantambo kusetshenziswa i-induction ephezulu ngamashubhu eGeissler.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, eNgilandi, uJohn Tyndall naye waba negalelo ekuqondeni izinto zikagesi nezokukhanya. Ucwaningo lukaTyndall lugxile ekusebenzisaneni phakathi kokukhanya nezinto, kanye nendlela amaza okukhanya athinta ngayo izinhlayiya zegesi. Nakuba ucwaningo lwakhe lungazange luholele ngqo ekusungulweni kwesibani se-fluorescent, lwasiza ekusunguleni isisekelo solwazi oludingekayo kubuchwepheshe bokukhanyisa obuthuthukisiwe.
Ukutholwa Nokuthuthukiswa Kwasekuqaleni
Isinyathelo esibalulekile ekuqalisweni kwesibani sesimanje se-fluorescent sathathwa nguPeter Cooper Hewitt ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. UHewitt, unjiniyela nomsunguli, waphumelela ekwakheni isibani esisekelwe kumusi we-mercury ngo-1901. Lesi sibani sasebenzisa ugesi ukuze sigcwalise umusi we-mercury ngaphakathi kwepayipi, okwabe sekukhiqiza ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuluhlaza. Nakuba lesi sibani sasisebenza kahle kakhulu kunesibani sendabuko se-incandescent, ukukhanya esasikukhiqiza kwakungafaneleki kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza ngenxa yombala waso wokukhanya ongemvelo.
Emashumini eminyaka alandela, onjiniyela abaningi nabacwaningi bazama ukucwenga lo mbono oyisisekelo. Umuntu oyedwa obalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezibani ze-fluorescent kwakungu-Edmund Germer, isazi sefiziksi saseJalimane. Enethimba lakhe locwaningo, uGermer wasebenza ukuthuthukisa izibani ezazisebenza kahle futhi zikhipha ukukhanya kwemvelo. Ngo-1926, uGermer wafaka ilungelo lobunikazi lesibani sesimanje se-fluorescent, esisebenzisa ungqimba lwe-fluorescent ngaphakathi kwepayipi lengilazi ukuguqula ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kube ukukhanya okubonakalayo.
Indima kaGeneral Electric noWilliam Coolidge
I-General Electric (GE) idlale indima ebalulekile ekuthengisweni kwezibani ze-fluorescent. Ngenxa yolwazi lwayo lobuchwepheshe kanye nezinsiza, i-GE yakwazi ukusheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezibani ze-fluorescent ekusetshenzisweni kwezohwebo. UWilliam Coolidge, unjiniyela ohamba phambili kwa-GE, wabamba iqhaza kulo msebenzi. Waziwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe kumashubhu e-X-ray, okwaguqula umkhakha wezokwelapha. I-Coolidge kanye nethimba le-GE benze ucwaningo olunzulu kanye nokuhlolwa ukuze bathuthukise umklamo kanye nokusebenza kwezibani ze-fluorescent.
Ngo-1934, i-GE yathuthukisa ngempumelelo isibani se-fluorescent esine-phosphor-coated esakhiqiza ukukhanya okumhlophe ngokusebenza kahle kakhulu kunezibani ze-incandescent. Lo mkhiqizo wethulwa emakethe ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930, ngaphambi nje kweMpi Yezwe II. Le mpumelelo yaphawula inkathi entsha kubuchwepheshe bokukhanyisa.
Ukuqaliswa kanye nomthelela kwezenhlalo nakwezomnotho
Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, ukusetshenziswa kwezibani ze-fluorescent kwanda ngokushesha. Ekuqaleni, zazisetshenziswa kabanzi emahhovisi, ezimbonini nakwezinye izindawo zomphakathi lapho ukukhanyisa okusebenzayo nokungabizi kwakuyinto eza kuqala. Ngokubona ukusebenza kwazo kahle nokonga amandla, imindeni nayo yaqala ukusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe.
Ukukhanya okukhanyayo kunomthelela omkhulu ezicini ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa imfundo, imboni, kanye nomnotho womhlaba wonke. Emkhakheni wezemfundo, izikole namanyuvesi anganikeza ukukhanya okungcono kwemisebenzi yokufundisa nokufunda, okubuye kuthuthukise ikhwalithi yemfundo. Embonini, ukukhanya okusebenzayo kwenza ukusebenza kwamahora angama-24 ngezindleko zamandla eziphansi, kwandise umkhiqizo kanye nenzuzo.
Emhlabeni jikelele, ukwamukelwa kabanzi kokukhanya kwe-fluorescent kusize ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni, ngokuhambisana nemizamo yokulondolozwa kwemvelo. Naphezu kwenkinga ezungeze ukusetshenziswa kwe-mercury ezibani ze-fluorescent kanye nezingozi zayo zemvelo ezingaba khona, abantu bayaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa izindlela ezingcono zokuvuselela kabusha ukuze banciphise le miphumela emibi.
Ukusungulwa Kwama-LED Nekusasa Lokukhanyisa
Nakuba sibheka emuva ngenjabulo emlandweni wokukhanya kwe-fluorescent, ubuchwepheshe buyaqhubeka nokukhula. Ekhulwini lama-21, ukukhanya kwe-LED (Light Emitting Diode) kwaqala ukuthatha indawo yokukhanya kwe-fluorescent. Ama-LED anikeza izinzuzo eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla okuphezulu, isikhathi eside sokuphila, kanye nomthelela ophansi emvelweni ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-mercury. Kodwa-ke, indaba yokukhanya kwe-fluorescent isalokhu iyingxenye ebalulekile yomlando wokukhanya nesayensi.
Kusukela ezimisweni eziyisisekelo zikaStokes noGeissler zokukhanyisa okukhanyayo, kuya ekuthuthukisweni okusebenzayo kukaHewitt, Germer, kanye noCoolidge, kuya endimeni ebalulekile ye-GE ekuthengisweni kwayo, umlando wokukhanyisa okukhanyayo ubonisa uhambo olude kusukela emcabangweni wesayensi kuya ekusetshenzisweni okusebenzayo okushintsha umhlaba. Ifa lalokhu kutholwa liyaqhubeka nobuchwepheshe bokukhanyisa besimanje, obunobungani nemvelo futhi obusebenzisa amandla kahle.
