Izinselele Zokuphepha Kumanethiwekhi E-IoT
I-Internet of Things (IoT) ishintshe indlela abantu abasebenzisana ngayo nobuchwepheshe. Amadivayisi afana nezibani ezihlakaniphile, amakhamera e-CCTV, izinzwa zezimboni, amamitha kagesi ahlakaniphile, amadivayisi ezempilo agqokwayo, ngisho nezinhlelo zokuzenzakalela zasefektri zixhunywe kwi-inthanethi ukuze ziqoqe idatha futhi zenze imisebenzi ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ngenkathi ukulula nokusebenza kahle okunikezwa yi-IoT kukhulu, izinselele zokuphepha zibalulekile. Amanethiwekhi e-IoT avame ukuba yizinhloso ezilula ngoba inani lamadivayisi likhulu, alifani, futhi amaningi aklanywe ngezindleko eziphansi, enganaki izici zokuphepha. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezinselele zokuphepha eziyinhloko kumanethiwekhi e-IoT, izimbangela zawo, kanye nomthelela wazo kubasebenzisi ngabanye kanye nezinhlangano.
1. Indawo Enkulu Kakhulu Yokuhlasela
Inselele enkulu nge-IoT indawo yayo enkulu yokuhlasela. Ngokungafani nezinhlelo ze-IT zendabuko, ezingaba namaseva, amakhompyutha, namadivayisi enethiwekhi kuphela, i-IoT ingahlanganisa izinkulungwane kuya ezigidini zamadivayisi amancane asakazeke ezindaweni eziningi. Idivayisi ngayinye iba "indawo yokungena" engaba khona kubahlaseli. Lapho amadivayisi exhunywe kakhulu, kuba nzima kakhulu ukuwaqapha njalo.
Isibonelo, inkampani yokukhiqiza ifaka izinzwa zokushisa nokudlidliza emishinini yokukhiqiza. Uma inzwa eyodwa isengozini yokuphepha futhi ixhunywe kunethiwekhi yangaphakathi, umhlaseli angayisebenzisa ukuze adlulele eceleni ezinhlelweni ezibaluleke kakhulu njengamaseva okukhiqiza noma izizindalwazi.
2. Ukulinganiselwa Kwemithombo Yedivayisi
Amadivayisi amaningi e-IoT akhiwe ngemikhawulo yeprosesa, inkumbulo, kanye namandla. Le mikhawulo yenza kube nzima ukusebenzisa izindlela zokuphepha zesimanje. Ukubethela okunamandla, ukuqinisekiswa okunezingqimba, ukuqalisa okuvikelekile, noma ukuqapha ubuqotho kuvame ukudinga izinsiza zokubala ezingatholakali kumadivayisi ashibhile.
Ngenxa yalokho, amanye amadivayisi asebenzisa izinqubo zokuxhumana ezibuthakathaka, agcina amaphasiwedi ngokungaphephile, noma adlulise idatha ngaphandle kokubethela. Ngisho noma abathengisi bezama ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha, amadivayisi angase angakwazi ukusebenzisa izibuyekezo zokuphepha ezanele.
3. Iphasiwedi Ezenzakalelayo kanye Nokuqinisekiswa Okubuthakathaka
Inkinga evamile esavela njalo: amaphasiwedi azenzakalelayo asefekthri awashintshwa. Amakhamera amaningi e-IP, ama-router asekhaya, namanye amadivayisi ahlakaniphile athunyelwa neziqinisekiso ezifana nokuthi "admin/admin" noma inhlanganisela elula. Abahlaseli bangenza ukuskena okukhulu ku-inthanethi ukuthola amadivayisi asasebenzisa iziqinisekiso ezizenzakalelayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amadivayisi awanikezi ngisho nezindlela eziqinile zokuqinisekisa, njengokuntuleka kokusekelwa kwamaphasiwedi ayinkimbinkimbi, ukukhawulelwa kwesilinganiso, noma ukuqinisekiswa okusekelwe esitifiketini. Lokhu kuvula amathuba okuhlaselwa ngamandla amakhulu kanye nokuthathwa kwamadivayisi.
4. Izibuyekezo Ezincane Ze-Firmware Nokuhlukaniswa Kwabathengisi
Imijikelezo yokuphila kwedivayisi ye-IoT ivame ukuba mide, kodwa ukwesekwa kokubuyekezwa kwabathengisi akuhambisani ngaso sonke isikhathi. Amadivayisi amaningi awatholi ama-patches okuphepha avamile, noma inqubo yokubuyekeza iyinkimbinkimbi kubasebenzisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ecosystem ye-IoT ihlukene kakhulu: amakhulu abathengisi, ama-chipset ahlukahlukene, izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene, kanye nezinqubo ezahlukahlukene. Lokhu kuhlukana kwenza kube nzima ukulinganisa ukuphepha kanye nokuphathwa kokuvuselelwa.
Amanye amadivayisi awanawo nhlobo indlela yokuvuselela emoyeni (i-OTA). Uma kutholakala ubuthakathaka, okuwukuphela kwesixazululo kungaba ukufaka esikhundleni idivayisi. Uma idivayisi isetshenziswa ngezinga elikhulu (isb., izinzwa zedolobha ezihlakaniphile), izindleko kanye nobunzima kuba phezulu kakhulu.
5. Ubuthakathaka Ezimisweni Zokuziphatha Nokuxhumana
Amadivayisi e-IoT axhumana esebenzisa amaphrothokholi ahlukahlukene, njenge-MQTT, i-CoAP, i-Zigbee, i-Z-Wave, i-Bluetooth Low Energy, kanye ne-Wi-Fi. Iphrothokholi ngayinye inobuthakathaka obungaba khona uma ingalungiselelwanga kahle noma isetshenziswe ngendlela engaphephile. Isibonelo:
– I-MQTT esebenza ngaphandle kwe-TLS ivumela ukulalelwa kwedatha kanye nokuthathwa kweseshini yokuxhumana.
– I-Bluetooth engalungiselelwanga kahle ingasetshenziswa ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe kusuka endaweni eseduze.
– I-Zigbee inezinselele ezihlobene nokuphathwa okubalulekile kanye nengozi yokulalela uma ukubethela kungenziwanga kahle.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, idatha ivame ukuhamba ngamanethiwekhi omphakathi noma efwini. Ngaphandle kokubethela kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni, idatha ebucayi njengendawo, imikhuba yokuhlala, noma idatha yezempilo ingavuza.
6. Izingozi Zobumfihlo Nokuqoqwa Kwedatha Okudlulele
I-IoT ayigcini nje ngokuphepha kwesistimu, kodwa futhi nobumfihlo. Amadivayisi amaningi aqoqa idatha ngokuziphatha komsebenzisi: lapho othile esekhaya, amaphethini okulala, imizila yokuhamba, ngisho nokuqoshwa kwezwi. Le datha ibaluleke kakhulu kubahlaseli nakwamanye amaqembu afuna ukulandelwa noma ukukhohliswa.
Inselele iwukuba sobala nokulawula. Abasebenzisi bavame ukungazi ukuthi yiluphi ulwazi oluqoqwayo, ukuthi lugcinwa kanjani, nokuthi lwabelwana nobani. Ngisho noma idatha igcinwe ngokuphephile efwini, kusenengozi yokuvuza okuvela kumhlinzeki wesevisi noma ngenxa yokungalungiselelwa kahle.
7. Ama-IoT Botnets kanye nokuhlaselwa kwe-DDoS
Omunye wemiphumela ebonakala kakhulu yokuphepha kwe-IoT okubuthakathaka ukuvela kwama-botnet, njenge-Mirai edumile, ehlasela amadivayisi e-IoT ngamaphasiwedi azenzakalelayo bese iwasebenzisa ukwenza ukuhlaselwa kwe-Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS). Ama-botnet e-IoT angaba namakhulu ezinkulungwane zamadivayisi "e-zombie", asebenza ngaphandle kolwazi lwabanikazi bawo.
Ukuhlaselwa kwe-DDoS okuvela kuma-botnet e-IoT kungalimaza izinsizakalo ezibalulekile, amawebhusayithi amakhulu, ngisho nengqalasizinda yenethiwekhi. Ngenxa yokuthi amadivayisi e-IoT asatshalaliswa emazweni amaningi futhi aphethwe ngabantu abaningi, ukuwalandelela nokuwanciphisa kuyinkimbinkimbi.
8. Ukuhlanganiswa Nezinhlelo Ezibucayi kanye ne-OT (Ubuchwepheshe Bokusebenza)
Emkhakheni wezimboni, i-IoT ivame ukuxhunywa nezinhlelo ze-OT, njengezinhlelo ze-SCADA, ama-PLC, kanye namanethiwekhi okulawula efektri. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, kodwa uma kungaklanywanga kahle, kungavula izindlela zokuhlasela kusukela kunethiwekhi ye-IT kuya kunethiwekhi ye-OT. Umthelela udlula ukuvuza kwedatha futhi ungaholela ekuphazamisekeni kokusebenza, ukwehluleka komshini, ngisho nezingozi zokuphepha.
Inselele ukuthi izinhlelo eziningi ze-OT ezindala azizange zenzelwe ukuxhuma kwi-inthanethi. Uma amadivayisi e-IoT anamuhla efakwe ezindaweni ezindala, angaholela ekungahambelani kokuphepha, ukuhlukaniswa kwenethiwekhi okubuthakathaka, kanye nobunzima bokuqapha.
9. Ukuntuleka Kokubonakala Nokuphathwa Kwempahla
Izinhlangano zivame ukungabi naso isitokwe esiphelele samadivayisi e-IoT afakiwe. Amanye amadivayisi athengwa amayunithi athile, afakwe abathengisi, noma asetshenziswe okwesikhashana bese ekhohliwe. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kubonakala, amadivayisi angalawulwa aba sengozini. Inselele ikhuliswa amadivayisi “esithunzi se-IoT” axhuma ngaphandle kwemvume yethimba lezokuphepha.
Ngaphandle kohlelo lokuphathwa kwempahla, kunzima ukusebenzisa izinqubomgomo zokuphepha ezifana nokubuyekezwa, ukujikeleziswa kweziqinisekiso, ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo, kanye nokuqapha ithrafikhi.
10. Izici Zabantu Nokulungiselelwa Okungalungile
Izehlakalo eziningi zokuphepha aziveli ngenxa yobuthakathaka obuyinkimbinkimbi bobuchwepheshe, kodwa ngenxa yokungalungiselelwa kahle. Abasebenzisi basekhaya bangase bavule amakhamera ku-inthanethi ngaphandle kokuvikelwa. Abaphathi benhlangano bangase bavule amachweba angadingekile, basebenzise izitifiketi eziphelelwe yisikhathi, noma bagcine okhiye be-API ezindaweni ezingavikelekile. Imfundo yezokuphepha kanye nezinqubo ezijwayelekile zivame ukusala ngemuva kokwamukelwa okusheshayo kwe-IoT.
Isiphetho
Ukuphepha kwenethiwekhi ye-IoT kuyinselele enezici eziningi: kuhlanganisa amadivayisi, amanethiwekhi, amafu, amaphrothokholi, ukuphathwa kwedatha, ngisho nokuziphatha komsebenzisi. Indawo ebanzi yokuhlasela, ukutholakala kwedivayisi okulinganiselwe, ukuqinisekiswa okubuthakathaka, izibuyekezo ezilinganiselwe, kanye nokuhlukana kwabathengisi kwenza i-IoT ibe sengozini yokuxhashazwa. Imiphumela ingasukela ekwebiweni kwedatha, ukuphazamiseka kwesevisi, ngisho nasezinsongweni zokuphepha emkhakheni wezimboni.
Ukuze kuxazululwe lezi zinselele, indlela yokuphepha ye-IoT idinga ukuba iphelele: kusukela ekwakhiweni kwedivayisi okuphephile kanye nokuvuselelwa kwe-firmware okulula, ukubethela okuqinile, ukuhlukaniswa kwenethiwekhi, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, kanye nemfundo yabasebenzisi. Ngesu elifanele, i-IoT ingaqhubeka nokuletha izinzuzo ezibalulekile ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ukuphepha kanye nobumfihlo.
Uma ufuna, ngingangeza futhi ingxenye encane "yamasu okunciphisa" yobuchwepheshe (isb. ukusetshenziswa kwe-Zero Trust kwe-IoT, izitifiketi zedivayisi, imikhuba emihle kakhulu yokuhlukanisa i-NAC, kanye ne-VLAN) kuye ngomongo: ikhaya elihlakaniphile, ihhovisi, noma imboni.
