Ukusetshenziswa Kwamakhemikhali Angaphili
Amakhemikhali angaphili ayizinto zamakhemikhali ezingenazo izintambo ze-carbon-hydrogen ezibonakala kumakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo. Ahlanganisa izigaba eziningi, okuhlanganisa amaminerali, izinsimbi, nosawoti. Amakhemikhali angaphili abelokhu esetshenziswa ezicini ezahlukene zokuphila kwabantu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, kusukela ezidingweni zansuku zonke kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwamakhemikhali angaphili ezindaweni ezahlukene zokuphila.
1. Izicelo Embonini
a. Ukucubungula Insimbi kanye Nobuchwepheshe Bokubumba Insimbi
Imboni yokucubungula insimbi ingenye yemboni ethembele kakhulu kumakhemikhali angaphili. Lawa makhemikhali adlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni ezifana nokucwengisisa, ukuncibilikisa, kanye nokwakha izinsimbi.
Isibonelo, i-iron oxide isetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwensimbi. Inqubo yesithando somlilo esiqhumayo ihilela ukunciphisa i-iron oxide ne-carbon, ikhiqize insimbi encibilikisiwe bese icutshungulwa ibe yinsimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-alumina (Al2O3) iyinto eluhlaza eyinhloko ekukhiqizweni kwe-aluminium ngenqubo ye-Hall-Héroult electrolysis.
b. Ama-Catalyst Ekuphenduleni Kwamakhemikhali
Ama-compounds angaphili avame ukusetshenziswa njengezinto ezibangela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene ezimbonini. Ama-catalyst asekelwe ensimbini, njenge-platinum, asetshenziswa enkambisweni yokuguqula i-catalytic ukukhiqiza uphethiloli one-octane ephezulu kusuka kuphethiloli. Amanye ama-catalyst asekelwe ensimbini yokuguquka, njenge-vanadium (V2O5), asetshenziswa enkambisweni yokuxhumana ukukhiqiza i-sulfuric acid, enye yamakhemikhali ezimboni abaluleke kakhulu.
2. Izicelo Kwezempilo Nezokwelapha
a. Usawoti Ongaphilile Njengesengezo
Amakhemikhali amaningi angaphili asetshenziswa njengezithasiselo zamaminerali ezibalulekile empilweni yabantu. Isibonelo, i-calcium carbonate isetshenziswa ezithasiselo ze-calcium ukusiza ukuqinisa amathambo namazinyo. I-Magnesium sulfate, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi usawoti we-Epsom, isetshenziselwa ukwelapha ukuntuleka kwe-magnesium futhi iyasebenza nasekwelapheni izimo zesikhumba.
b. Izinto Zokuqhathanisa Ezithombeni Zezokwelapha
Amakhemikhali angaphili njenge-barium sulfate asetshenziswa njengezinto ezihlukanisayo ezinqubweni zokuthwebula izithombe zezokwelapha njenge-X-ray kanye ne-CT scans. Lawa makhemikhali asiza ekwandiseni ukungafani kwezithombe ezivelayo, okuvumela odokotela ukuthi babone isakhiwo kanye nomsebenzi wezitho zangaphakathi ngokucacile.
c. Ilwa namagciwane kanye nesikhunta
Amanye amakhemikhali angaphili anezakhiwo ezinamandla zokulwa namagciwane kanye ne-antifungal. Isibonelo, i-silver nitrate isetshenziswa njenge-antimicrobial agent ekwelapheni ukusha kanye nezilonda. Le nhlanganisela ivame ukusetshenziswa nasezithambisweni zezokwelapha ukuvimbela ukutheleleka ngamagciwane.
3. Izicelo kwezolimo
a. Umanyolo
Amakhemikhali angaphili abalulekile kwezolimo njengomanyolo. I-nitrate, i-phosphate, kanye ne-potassium yizakhamzimba ezibalulekile ezidingwa izitshalo ukuze zikhule kahle. Umanyolo ongaphili njenge-ammonium nitrate kanye ne-potassium chloride unikeza umthombo wezakhamzimba omuncwa kalula izitshalo, ngaleyo ndlela wandise isivuno sezolimo.
b. Ukulawulwa Kwezinambuzane
Amakhemikhali angaphili asetshenziswa nasezibulala-zinambuzane ukulawula izinambuzane nezifo zezitshalo. Isibonelo esisodwa yi-copper sulfate, esetshenziswa njengesibulala-zinambuzane ukuvimbela ukukhula kwesikhunta ezitshalweni. Le nhlanganisela isiza ukuvikela izitshalo ekuthelelekeni futhi yandise umkhiqizo.
4. Izicelo Ezintweni Ezisetshenziswayo
a. Ingilazi kanye ne-ceramics
Izithako ezingaphili njenge-silicon dioxide (SiO2) ziyizithako ezibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwengilazi kanye nezinto zobumba. Isihlabathi se-silica, esakhiwe yi-silicon dioxide, siyancibilikiswa ukuze kwenziwe izinhlobo ezahlukene zengilazi, okuhlanganisa amafasitela, amabhodlela, kanye namalensi optical.
b. Usimende kanye noKhonkrithi
Embonini yokwakha, amakhemikhali angaphili njenge-calcium oxide kanye ne-calcium hydroxide yizithako eziyisisekelo zesimende kanye nokhonkolo. Ukusabela komswakama kwesimende kukhiqiza unamathisela oqinile, oqinile, owakha umgogodla wezakhiwo zokwakha.
c. Amabala kanye nopende
Ama-pigment angaphili avame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni upende. I-titanium dioxide ingenye yama-pigment amhlophe avame kakhulu futhi isetshenziswa kumapende, epulasitikini, nasephepheni ukuze kuhlinzekwe ukukhanya nokukhanya. Amanye ama-pigment angaphili, njenge-cobalt aluminate, anikeza umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okhanyayo futhi asetshenziswa kwezobuciko kanye nezimboni.
5. Izicelo Zobuchwepheshe Namandla
a. Ama-elekthronikhi nama-semiconductor
Amakhemikhali angaphili adlala indima ebalulekile kubuchwepheshe be-elekthronikhi. Isibonelo, i-silicon ngesimo se-silicon dioxide iyinto eyinhloko ye-semiconductor esetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwama-microprocessors namanye amadivayisi kagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhemikhali afana ne-gallium arsenide kanye ne-indium phosphide asetshenziswa kubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana njengama-laser diodes nama-LED.
b. Amabhethri kanye Nokugcina Amandla
Ibhethri iyithuluzi eligcina amandla amakhemikhali futhi liwakhiphe njengogesi. Amabhethri amaningi esimanje asekelwe kumakhemikhali angaphili. Isibonelo, i-lithium cobalt oxide isetshenziswa kumabhethri e-lithium-ion, athandwa ngokusetshenziswa kwawo kuma-smartphone, kuma-laptop nasezimotweni zikagesi.
c. Amaseli Elanga
Amakhemikhali angaphili asetshenziswa futhi kubuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo njengamaseli elanga. I-silicon ekristalu iyinto eyinhloko kumaseli amaningi elanga e-photovoltaic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo luyaqhubeka ngamaseli elanga asekelwe ku-inorganic perovskite, athembisa ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu ngezindleko zokukhiqiza eziphansi.
6. Izicelo Emvelweni
a. Ukwelashwa Kwamanzi
Amakhemikhali angaphili asetshenziswa ekwelapheni amanzi ukuze aphuzeke futhi asetshenziswe ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile. Isibonelo, i-aluminium sulfate, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-alum, isetshenziswa enqubweni yokujiya ukuze kususwe izinhlayiya ze-colloidal emanzini. I-chlorine ne-ozone amakhemikhali aqinile oxidizing asetshenziselwa ukubulala amagciwane emanzini nokubulala amagciwane.
b. Ukulungiswa Kwemvelo
Amakhemikhali angaphili asetshenziswa nasekulungiseni imvelo ukuze kulungiswe ukungcola. Isibonelo yi-zeolite, esetshenziselwa ukumunca izinsimbi ezisindayo enhlabathini nasemanzini angcolile. Lawa makhemikhali asebenza njengezinto ezimunca kahle, ezisiza ekususeni ukungcola okuyingozi emvelweni.
Isiphetho
Izinhlanganisela ezingaphili zinezindlela eziningi zokusetshenziswa futhi zibalulekile empilweni yabantu banamuhla. Kusukela embonini kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo kuya kwezolimo kanye nezinto zokwakha, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nemvelo, lezi zinhlanganisela zakha isisekelo sezinqubo eziningi ezibalulekile kanye nemikhiqizo. Ukuqonda okwengeziwe ngezakhiwo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlanganisela ezingaphili ngokungangabazeki kuzoholela emisha kanye nentuthuko entsha esikhathini esizayo, okuzothuthukisa kakhulu ikhwalithi yokuphila komuntu. Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ukuhlola amandla ezinhlanganisela ezingaphili cishe kuzovula izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezazingakaze zicatshangelwe ngaphambili.
