Ubuchwepheshe Bemikhumbi-ngwenya Ethuthukisiwe
I-Pengantar
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, imikhumbi-ngwenya ibilokhu iyisici esibalulekile samandla olwandle emhlabeni wonke. Kusukela kumathuluzi okuhlola ayimfihlo kuya ezikhali zenuzi ezesabekayo, imikhumbi-ngwenya idlala indima ebalulekile ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezwe sesimanje. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene obuthuthukisiwe obusetshenziswa emikhunjini yesimanje, okuhlanganisa izinhlelo zokuzulazula, izikhali, ubuqili, kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa.
Izinhlelo Zokuzulazula Nokushukumisa
Uhlelo Lokuzulazula
Ukuzulazula ngaphansi kwamanzi kudinga ubuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunasemkhathini. Obunye bobuchwepheshe obubaluleke kakhulu yi-Inertial Navigation System (INS), evumela imikhumbi-ngwenya ukuthi inqume indawo yayo kanye nesiqondiso ngaphandle kwesidingo sezimpawu zangaphandle. I-INS isebenzisa ama-gyroscope nama-accelerometer ukukala izinguquko endaweni maqondana nendawo yokuqala.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Global Positioning System (GPS) nakho kuvamile, yize kungasetshenziswa kuphela uma umkhumbi-ngwenya uphezu kwamanzi. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-GPS ne-INS kunikeza izinga eliphezulu lokunemba ekuzulazuleni komkhumbi-ngwenya.
Ukuqhutshwa Kwenuzi
Iningi lemikhumbi-ngwenya yesimanje isebenzisa ukuqhutshwa kwenyukliya, okunikeza izinzuzo eziningana, okuhlanganisa ikhono lokusebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi izinyanga ngaphandle kokudinga ukugcwalisa uphethiloli. Lokhu kuvumela imikhumbi-ngwenya ukuthi yenze imisebenzi eyimfihlo kakhulu futhi yandise ukuba khona kwayo ezindaweni zemishini.
Ama-reactor enuzi emikhunjini engaphansi komhlaba ngokuvamile asebenzisa uphethiloli we-uranium ocebile. Ukushisa okukhiqizwa yile nqubo yenuzi kusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza umusi, obe usuqhuba ama-turbine bese uphendula ama-propeller omkhumbi-ngwenya.
Ikhono Lokucasha
Umklamo we-Hydrodynamic
Esinye isici esibalulekile sobuchwepheshe bemikhumbi-ngwenya ukufihla (ukugwema ukutholakala). Umklamo we-hydrodynamic wemikhumbi-ngwenya yesimanje wenzelwe ukunciphisa umsindo okhiqizwayo njengoba uhamba emanzini. Amagobolondo emikhumbi-ngwenya ngokuvamile akhiwe njengeconsi lenyembezi, okunciphisa ukumelana namanzi futhi kukhiqize umsindo omncane.
Izinto ze-Anechoic
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukucasha, imikhumbi-ngwenya eminingi yesimanje ifakwe izinto ezingabonakali ezimboza ingaphandle layo. Lezi zinto zimunca amagagasi e-sonar asebenzayo, zinciphise ukubonakaliswa okungatholakala ngezinhlelo zokuthola isitha.
Uhlelo Lokushukumisa Oluthule
Izinhlelo zokudonsa umoya nazo zenzelwe ukuthi zithule ngangokunokwenzeka. Ama-motor kagesi avame ukusetshenziswa ngoba akhiqiza umsindo omncane kunezinjini zomusi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhumbi-ngwenya eminingi ifakwe ubuchwepheshe be-pump-jet, obunciphisa kakhulu umsindo wokudonsa umoya.
Izinhlelo Zezikhali
Izikhali Ezivamile
Imikhumbi-ngwenya yesimanje ifakwe izikhali ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ama-torpedo nama-missile. Ama-torpedo esimanje ngokuvamile asebenzisa izinhlelo zokuqondisa ze-acoustic noma ze-optical futhi angafinyelela isivinini esiphezulu kanye nobubanzi obude. Izinhlelo zokuqalisa eziqondile (VLS) zivumela imikhumbi-ngwenya ukuthi iphonse ama-missile abukhali kanye nawokuhamba ngaphansi kwamanzi kanye naphezu kwamanzi.
Izikhali Zenuzi
Eminye imikhumbi-ngwenya ifakwe imicibisholo ebukhali ephethe amakhanda enuzi. Ama-SSBN (Umkhumbi, Ongaphansi Komhlaba, Obanzi, Owenyukliya), noma imikhumbi-ngwenya yenuzi enemicbisholo ebukhali, iyisici esibalulekile semfundiso yokubhujiswa okuqinisekisiwe kwe-Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma ngabe isizwe esisodwa singabhubhisa ngempumelelo iningi lamandla enuzi esizwe, imikhumbi-ngwenya engabonakali isengaletha isiteleka esibhubhisayo.
Uhlelo Lokuthola Nokuxhumana
sonar
I-Sonar (Ukuzulazula Nokuzulazula Komsindo) ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko obusetshenziswa yimikhumbi-ngwenya ukuthola izinto eziseduze kwazo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-sonar: i-active sonar kanye ne-passive sonar. I-Active sonar ikhipha amaza omsindo futhi ihlaziye ukubonakaliswa ukuze inqume ibanga nendawo yento. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Passive sonar imane ilalele umsindo okhiqizwa izinto ezizungezile.
Uhlelo Lokuxhumana
Ukuxhumana ngaphansi kwamanzi kuyinselele enkulu ekusebenzeni kwemikhumbi-ngwenya. Amaza omsakazo awakwazi ukungena kahle emanzini olwandle, ngakho-ke ukuxhumana kuvame ukuqhutshwa ngamaza e-Very Low Frequency (VLF) noma amaza e-Extremely Low Frequency (ELF). Kodwa-ke, lawa makhono anqunyelwe amazinga awo aphansi edatha. Imikhumbi-ngwenya eminingi yanamuhla isebenzisa nama-buoy noma ama-drone okuxhumana angakhuphukela phezulu futhi adlulise ulwazi ngesathelayithi.
Ukudluliselwa Kwezobuchwepheshe Besathelayithi Nokuxhumana
Uma imikhumbi-ngwenya ingaphezulu noma ijule nge-periscope, ingasebenzisa izinhlelo zokuxhumana zesathelayithi kanye ne-relay. Lezi zinhlelo zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukudlulisa idatha eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu njengobuhlakani, ama-oda omsebenzi, kanye nezibuyekezo ezivela esikhungweni.
Ubuhlakani Bokwenziwa (i-AI) kanye Nokuzenzakalela
Uhlelo Lokuzivikela Oluzenzakalelayo
Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bobuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI), imikhumbi-ngwenya yesimanje ifakwe izinhlelo zokuzivikela ezenzakalelayo ezingabona futhi ziphendule ngokushesha ezinsongweni. Isibonelo, i-AI ingasiza ekuqaphelweni kwephethini ye-sonar ukuthola imikhumbi yesitha noma ama-torpedo asondelayo.
Izinhlelo Zokushayela Ngokuzenzakalelayo Nezomsebenzi
I-AI isetshenziselwa futhi ukuqondisa okuzenzakalelayo kanye nomsebenzi. Lezi zinhlelo zingalawula izici eziningi zokusebenza kwemikhumbi-ngwenya ngokungenelela okuncane kwabantu, okuhlanganisa ukuzulazula, ukuphathwa kwamandla, kanye nokuqapha nokulungisa imishini.
Ukuhlaziywa Kwedatha
Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa busebenzisa futhi ukuhlaziya idatha enkulu ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokuthembeka. Idatha evela ezinzwa nezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene ezisemkhunjini wamanzi ihlaziywa endaweni ukuze kutholakale izinkinga zobuchwepheshe noma izinsongo ezingaba khona.
Intuthuko Yesikhathi Esizayo
Imikhumbi-ngwenya ezimele
Enye indlela entsha ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhumbi-ngwenya ezimele, engenamuntu. Le mikhumbi-ngwenya ingasetshenziswa emisebenzini yokuhlola, yokudubula amabhomu, kanye neyokuthutha ngaphandle kwengozi kubantu. Lezi zinhlelo zisebenzisa i-AI kanye nezinzwa ezithuthukisiwe emisebenzini yokuzulazula kanye nokusebenza.
Amandla avuselelekayo
Ucwaningo luyaqhubeka nokusebenzisa imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo ukuze kunikezwe amandla imikhumbi-ngwenya, njengamaseli kaphethiloli we-hydrogen noma amandla elanga ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle kwamandla futhi kuncishiswe umonakalo odalwe yimvelo.
Isiphetho
Imikhumbi-ngwenya yesimanje ingumkhiqizo wobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene obuthuthukisiwe obufaka isandla emakhonweni abo empini engaphansi kolwandle kanye neminye imisebenzi yamasu. Kusukela ezinhlelweni zokuzulazula eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokunyakaza kuya emakhonweni amangalisayo okucasha, kuya ezikhalini ezibhubhisa kakhulu kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa obuthuthuka kakhulu, ubuchwepheshe bemikhumbi-ngwenya buyaqhubeka nokukhula ukuze buhlangabezane nezidingo nezinselele zempi zesimanje.
Intuthuko eyengeziwe emikhakheni yemikhumbi-ngwenya ezimele kanye namandla avuselelekayo ikhombisa ukuthi ikusasa lobuchwepheshe bemikhumbi-ngwenya lizoqhubeka nokusungula izinto ezintsha, okuzoletha inkathi entsha yokubusa olwandle kanye nokusebenza ngaphansi kolwandle.
