Inqubo yokukhiqiza ikhebula lezinhlelo zokukhanyisa ze-LED
Izinhlelo zokukhanyisa ze-LED zaziwa ngokusebenza kahle kwamandla, ukuqina, kanye nokuguquguquka kwazo kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene—kusukela ekukhanyeni kwasekhaya, ezakhiweni zamahhovisi, ekukhanyeni kwezimboni, kuya ekukhanyeni kwasemgwaqweni. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokusebenza okuzinzile kwama-LED kunendawo ebalulekile evame ukunganakwa: izintambo. Izintambo azizona nje iziqhubi zikagesi, kodwa futhi zibalulekile ekuphepheni, ekusebenzeni kahle kwamandla, ekuzinzeni kwamandla kagesi, kanye nesikhathi sokufakwa. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-LED ngokuvamile asebenza kumaza athile kanye nama-voltage (ngokuvamile esebenzisa umshayeli), ikhwalithi yekhebula iyisihluthulelo sokugwema ukwehla kwamandla kagesi, ukushisa ngokweqile, kanye nokuphazamiseka okufana nokufiphaza.
Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngenqubo yokwenza izintambo ezivame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokukhanyisa ze-LED—zombili izintambo ze-AC kusukela kuphaneli kuya kumshayeli, kanye nezintambo ze-DC kusukela kumshayeli kuya kumojuli/umcu we-LED—kusukela ekukhetheni izinto kuya ekuhlolweni kwekhwalithi.
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1. Umklamo wekhebula le-LED kanye nemininingwane
Ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukukhiqiza, umenzi wekhebula unquma imininingwane ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zohlelo lokusebenza lwe-LED. Isigaba sokuklama sihlanganisa:
1. Uhlobo lomqhubi: ithusi elimsulwa, ithusi eligobile, noma i-aluminium (elingavamile kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwe-LED encane).
2. Indawo enqamulayo (mm² noma AWG): inqunywa amandla omthwalo, ubude bekhebula, kanye nomkhawulo wokwehla kwamandla kagesi. Ama-LED azwela ukwehla kwamandla kagesi, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni ze-12V/24V DC.
3. Inani lama-core: ama-core ama-2 e-DC (+/-), ama-core ama-3 e-AC (L, N, PE), noma ama-core amaningi aqondiswe ngqo (isb. i-DALI, 0–10V, i-RGB/RGBW).
4. Izinto zokuvala umlilo kanye nejakethi: I-PVC, i-PE, i-XLPE, noma i-LSZH (i-Low Smoke Zero Halogen) ezindaweni ezidinga ukuphepha okukhulu emlilweni.
5. Izindinganiso kanye nesitifiketi: bheka i-SNI/IEC, i-RoHS, kanye nezindinganiso ezingashisi noma ezingabhemi kakhulu uma kudingeka.
Lo mklamo unquma wonke amapharamitha omshini wokukhiqiza, amafomula ezinto zepulasitiki, kanye nochungechunge lokuhlola.
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2. Ukulungiswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa
a) Umqhubi wethusi
Izinto eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa yithusi ngesimo senduku yethusi noma i-cathode yethusi, bese icutshungulwa ibe yizinduku. Ithusi likhethwa ngenxa yokuqhuba kwalo okuphezulu nokuzinzile, okwenza lifanelekele imithwalo ye-LED edinga ukunikezwa kwamandla kagesi azinzile.
b) Izinto zokuvala ukushisa kanye nejakethi
Ama-granule epulasitiki (isb., i-PVC/PE/LSZH) alungiswa ngokwefomula. Ku-LSZH, ukwakheka kwenzelwe ukukhiqiza intuthu encane futhi kungabi ne-halogen uma kushiswa—okubalulekile ezakhiweni zomphakathi noma emihubheni. Izithasiselo ezifana nalezi:
- isiqinisi sokushisa,
- okuvimbela ilangabi,
– i-masterbatch yombala (ukufaka imibala),
– igrisi yokucubungula (usizo lokucubungula).
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3. Inqubo yokudweba (ukudweba ngocingo)
Uma ifektri iqala ngenduku yethusi, isigaba sokuqala ukudonsa ucingo, okuhilela ukudonsa ithusi ochungechungeni lwezinhlayiya ukuze kuncishiswe kancane kancane ububanzi bayo. Le nqubo yenziwa ngesivinini esikhulu ngokugcoba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi intambo ibushelelezi, ingaqhekeki.
Umphumela uba ucingo lwethusi olunobukhulu obuthile, isibonelo 0,2 mm–2,0 mm, kuye ngokuthi ingxenye yokugcina iqondiswe kuphi. Ngemva kokudweba, ucingo lungaqiniswa, ngokuvamile lulandelwe inqubo yokubopha.
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4. Ukuthambisa ithusi (ukuthambisa ithusi)
I-Annealing iwukushisa okulawulwayo ukubuyisela ukuguquguquka kwethusi ngemva kokuba selidonswe. Ngezintambo zokufaka ze-LED, ithusi eligobekayo lenza ukufakwa kube lula futhi kunciphisa ingozi yokuphuka lapho ligobile.
Ukufakwa kwe-Annealing kuvame ukwenziwa emgqeni (ngqo emgqeni wokukhiqiza) kusetshenziswa ama-heater kagesi. Amapharamitha alawulwayo afaka izinga lokushisa, isikhathi sokuhlala, kanye nomoya wenqubo ukuvimbela ukushiswa kwethusi ngokweqile.
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5. Ukusonta (ukusonta imicu)
Izintambo eziningi ze-LED zisebenzisa ama-stranded conductor ngoba ziguquguquka kakhulu kunezintambo eziqinile. Esigabeni sokunamathela, izintambo eziningana ezincane zezintambo ziyasontwa ndawonye ukuze zakhe i-conductor eyodwa ene-cross-section ethile, isibonelo:
– 2 × 0,75 mm² yokuxhuma umshayeli,
– 2 × 1,5 mm² yemigqa emide noma imisinga ephezulu,
– i-multi-core yezintambo ze-RGB noma zokulawula.
Iphethini yokujika (ubude be-lay) ilungiswa ukuze ilinganisele ukuguquguquka namandla omshini. Ukunamathela okuhle kwentambo kusiza futhi ukunciphisa ingozi yokuphuka kwangaphakathi lapho ikhebula ligobeka njalo.
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6. Ukufakwa komoya ongaphakathi (ukufakwa komoya ongaphandle)
Uma umqhubi esekulungele, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukufaka ukuvikela usebenzisa i-extruder. Ipulasitiki iyancibilika futhi "igoqwe" izungeze umqhubi, yakha ukuvikela okunobukhulu obunqunyiwe.
Izinto ezibalulekile kulesi sigaba:
– Ukuqina kokufakwa kokushisa ukuvimbela izindawo ezibuthakathaka ezingabangela ukuvuza kukagesi.
– Amandla e-dielectric okumelana ne-voltage yokusebenza.
– Ukulawula ukupholisa usebenzisa umgodi wamanzi (ithangi lokupholisa amanzi) ukuze isimo siqine futhi singaguquguquki.
Kumakhebula e-LED DC, ukuvikela okuhlanzekile kubalulekile ngoba ukufakwa kuvame ukwenziwa ophahleni, emigqeni, noma ezindleleni zokuhlobisa ezincane.
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7. Ukuhlanganisa amakhebula (ukuhlanganisa ama-core amaningana)
Uma ikhebula linama-core angu-2-5 noma ngaphezulu, i-core ngayinye evikelwe iyahlanganiswa enqubweni yokubopha izintambo. Ama-core ayasontwa noma ahlelwe ukuze adale isakhiwo sekhebula esiqinile esimelana nokuguquguquka.
Kumakhebula adinga ukuvikelwa okwengeziwe, ungangeza:
- ukugcwalisa ukugcina ukugoba,
– i-binder tape (i-binding tape) ngaphambi kwejakethi yangaphandle,
– ukuvikela, isibonelo i-foil noma i-braid yezintambo zokulawula ze-LED ezithinteka kalula umsindo.
Ukuvikela kuvame kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokukhanyisa ezisebenzisa izinqubo zokulawula (i-DALI/DMX) ukuvimbela ukuphazamiseka kwesignali.
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8. Ukumboza/ukufaka ijakethi (ukwenza isikhwama sangaphandle)
Isigaba sokubopha sihilela ukufaka ijakethi yangaphandle kukhebula kusetshenziswa esinye isikhiphi. Ijakethi isebenza njengesivikelo esiyinhloko ekugugulekeni, umswakama, amakhemikhali athambile, kanye nesivikelo semishini ngesikhathi sokufakwa.
Izinto zejakethi zilungiswa ukuze zihambisane nendawo yokusetshenziswa:
– I-PVC: evamile, engabizi, ilungele ukusetshenziswa endlini.
– I-PE: ingcono kakhulu ekumelaneni nomswakama, ivame ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zangaphandle.
– LSZH: yezakhiwo ezinezindinganiso zokuphepha emlilweni eziqinile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwazi olufana nosayizi, i-voltage yokusebenza, uhlobo, ukumakwa okujwayelekile, kanye nemitha (uphawu lobude) luvame ukunyatheliswa ejazini.
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9. Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi
Izintambo ze-LED kumele ziphephe futhi zizinzile ngogesi. Ngakho-ke, abakhiqizi benza uchungechunge lwezivivinyo, okuhlanganisa:
1. Ukuhlolwa kokuqhuba kanye nokumelana: qinisekisa ukuthi ukumelana kuyahlangabezana nezindinganiso ukuze ukwehla kwamandla kagesi kungabi ngokweqile.
2. Hlola ukujiya kwe-insulation/ijazi: usebenzisa ithuluzi lokulinganisa noma isivivinyo se-cross-section.
3. Ukuhlolwa kwe-voltage yokuqhekeka (ukuhlolwa kwe-hi-pot): kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukufakelwa akuvuzi ku-voltage ethile yokuhlola.
4. Ukuhlolwa kokuqiniswa nokwelulwa: kulinganisa amandla epulasitiki nezinto zokuqhuba.
5. Ukuhlolwa kokuguquguquka nokugoba: kubalulekile kumakhebuli avame ukugoba (isib. izibani zokuhlobisa, amakhabethe, izimpawu).
6. Ukuhlolwa kwe-flame retardant/LSZH (uma kudingeka): kuqinisekisa izakhiwo ze-flame retardant, intuthu ephansi, kanye ne-halogen-free ngokwezincazelo.
7. Ukuhlola okubonakalayo: hlola ubuso bejakethi, ukuhlanzeka kokuphrinta, kanye namaphutha okukhiqiza.
Lokhu kuhlola kuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhebula aligcini nje "ngokuqhuba ugesi", kodwa futhi liyakwazi ukusebenza ngokuzinzile esikhathini eside.
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10. Ukuqeda: ukugoqa, ukusika kanye nokupakisha
Ngemva kokudlula i-QC, ikhebula liyacutshungulwa esigabeni sokugcina:
– ukugoqa noma ukugoqa isigubhu/i-spool,
– ukusika ngokwebude be-oda,
- ukulebula kanye nokumaka inqwaba ukuze kulandeleke,
– ukupakisha ukuze kuvikelwe ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa.
Ukulandelela kubalulekile ukuze uma kuvela inkinga ensimini, ifektri ikwazi ukulandelela usuku lokukhiqiza, inani lezinto zokwakha, kanye nemingcele yomshini.
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11. Amanothi akhethekile ezintambo ezinhlelweni ze-LED
Kunezici eziningana zama-LED ezidinga ukunakwa ngokucophelela lapho ukhetha futhi ukhiqiza izintambo:
– Ukwehla kwamandla kagesi e-DC aphansi: Kuma-LED strips angu-12V/24V, izintambo ezinde ezinezingxenye ezincane eziphambeneyo zingabangela ukuthi ama-LED afiphale ngokungalingani. Ngakho-ke, ukumelana nomqhubi kanye nekhwalithi yethusi kubalulekile.
– Ugesi ophezulu kanye nokushisa: Abashayeli be-LED bangadala izimo ezithile zamanje; izintambo kumele zibe nogesi ophephile kanye nezilinganiso zokushisa.
– Ukuhambisana kokufakwa: izintambo kumele ziguquguquke futhi kube lula ukuziqeda (ukufaka izixhumi/amatheminali), ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zokwakha.
– Ukuphepha emlilweni: ezakhiweni zomphakathi, amajakethi e-LSZH kanye nezinto ezivimbela ilangabi ngokuvamile kuyisidingo, akuyona inketho.
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Isiphetho
Inqubo yokukhiqiza izintambo zezinhlelo zokukhanyisa ze-LED ihilela uchungechunge lwezinyathelo zobuchwepheshe ezilinganiswayo: kusukela ekuklanyweni kwemininingwane, ukudweba nokufaka ithusi, ukugoqa, ukukhipha ukushisa, ukujoyina i-core, ukugqoka ijazi langaphandle, kanye nokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi okuqinile. Izintambo ezikhiqizwe kahle zizosekela ukusebenza kahle kwe-LED—ukunciphisa ukwehla kwamandla kagesi, ukuvimbela ukushisa ngokweqile, ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha, kanye nokwandisa impilo yesistimu yokukhanyisa.
Uma ufisa, ngingavumelanisa lesi sihloko nesimo esithile (ukuxhuma izintambo ze-LED ezingu-24V ngaphakathi, ukuxhuma izintambo zangaphandle ezilinganiselwe yi-IP, ukuxhuma izintambo zokulawula i-DALI/DMX, noma ifomethi yesihloko sobuchwepheshe yezincwajana zomkhiqizo), kufaka phakathi izincomo zosayizi wekhebula ngokusekelwe kubude namandla.
