I-Anatomy kanye ne-Physiology yeSistimu Yokugaya Ukudla Ezithweni Ezidla Izilwane Ezincelisayo
Izilwane ezincelisayo, iqembu elihlukahlukene lezilwane ezincelisayo ezihlanganisa izinkomo, izimvu, izimbuzi, izinyamazane, kanye nezindlulamithi, zinesimiso sokugaya esiyingqayizivele nesikhethekile esizivumela ukuthi zicubungule ngempumelelo izinto zesitshalo ezinemicu. Ngokungafani nezilwane ezinesisu esisodwa, ezinesisu esinegumbi elilodwa, izilwane ezincelisayo zinesisu esiyinkimbinkimbi, esinegumbi ezine esiza ekuqhekekeni nasekuvuthweni kwemicu yezitshalo eqinile. Lesi sihloko sihlola izici zomzimba kanye nezinqubo zomzimba ezingaphansi kwesimiso sokugaya ukudla sezilwane ezincelisayo.
Ukwakheka Kwesisu Sezilwane Ezincelisayo
Isisu sesilwane esincelisayo sakhiwe izingxenye ezine: i-rumen, i-reticulum, i-omasum, kanye ne-abomasum. Ingxenye ngayinye inezici ezihlukile zesakhiwo kanye nokusebenza ezifaka isandla enkambisweni yokugaya ukudla iyonke.
1. I-Rumen
I-rumen yindawo enkulu kunazo zonke, ethatha ingxenye enkulu yohlangothi lwesobunxele lwesisu. Isebenza ngokuyinhloko njengento yokubilisa lapho ama-microorganisms e-symbiotic, okuhlanganisa amabhaktheriya, ama-protozoa, kanye ne-fungi, ephula khona izinto zezitshalo ezine-fibrous zibe ama-fatty acids aguquguqukayo (ama-VFA), amagesi, kanye namaprotheni ama-microbial. Ulwelwesi lwangaphakathi lwe-rumen lumbozwe ngama-papillae, ama-projection afana neminwe akhulisa indawo yobuso yokumuncwa.
2. I-Reticulum
I-reticulum, etholakala ngaphambili kwe-rumen eduze kwe-diaphragm, inesakhiwo esifana ne-honeycomb. Le ndawo isebenza eduze ne-rumen futhi ihilelekile ekuxubeni ngomshini nasekuhlungeni ubukhulu bokudla okudliwe. I-reticulum idlala indima ebalulekile ekubambeni izinto zangaphandle, okusiza ukuvimbela izifo ze-hardware.
3. I-Omasum
I-omasum, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi “ama-manyplies” noma “isisu sencwadi” ngenxa yokugoba kwayo okufana namaqabunga amaningi, isebenza njengesihlungi esimunca amanzi nezakhamzimba ezivela ekugayweni. Lawa magoba ahlinzeka ngendawo enkulu yokumunca kahle futhi asiza ekunciphiseni usayizi wezinhlayiya ngokuwohloka okwengeziwe kwemishini.
4. Abomasum
I-abomasum, noma "isisu sangempela," yiyona kuphela ingxenye yesisu esidlayo futhi isebenza ngendlela efanayo nesisu esisodwa. Ikhipha i-hydrochloric acid kanye nama-enzyme okugaya ukudla, okuhlanganisa ne-pepsin, ukuqala ukuqhekeka kwamaprotheni. Indawo ene-asidi nayo iyasiza ekubulaleni noma yimaphi amagciwane asele avela ezingxenyeni zangaphambilini.
I-Physiology ye-Ruminant Gaying
Isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele sokwakheka kwesisu esetyisayo sisekela izinqubo eziningana ezibalulekile zomzimba ezibalulekile ekugayweni kahle nasekumuncweni kwezakhamzimba.
1. Ukugwinya Nokuhlafuna
Izilwane ezidla inyama zidla inani elikhulu lezinto zezitshalo ezinemicu ngokushesha, futhi zincane kakhulu ukuhlafuna kokuqala. Lokhu kudla kungena ku-rumen-reticulum complex lapho kudlula khona inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-rumination. Ngesikhathi sokugaya, ukudla okugayiwe kancane (i-cud) kuyabuyiselwa, kuhlafunwe kahle, bese kugwinywa kabusha. Le nqubo yandisa indawo engaphezulu yokusebenza kwamagciwane futhi isiza ekuqhekekeni kwemicu yezitshalo.
2. Ukuvutshelwa kweMicrobial
I-rumen iyindawo eguquguqukayo lapho kwenzeka khona ukuvutshelwa kwamagciwane. Amagciwane akhiqiza ama-enzyme e-cellulase aphula i-cellulose ne-hemicellulose abe ushukela olula, abese evundiswa abe ama-fatty acid aguquguqukayo (ama-VFA), ikakhulukazi i-acetate, i-propionate, kanye ne-butyrate. Lawa ma-VFA ayimithombo yamandla ebalulekile ye-ruminant.
Ama-microbes aphinde akhiqize izakhamzimba ezibalulekile, okuhlanganisa amavithamini e-B nama-amino acid, afaka isandla ezidingweni zokudla okunempilo zomninimzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaprotheni ama-microbial akhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokubilisa angamuncwa yi-ruminant lapho ama-microbes egaywa kamuva ku-abomasum kanye namathumbu amancane.
3. Ukuqhuma
Ukuvutshelwa kukhiqiza inani elikhulu lamagesi, ikakhulukazi i-carbon dioxide ne-methane. Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuqunjelwa, isimo esingakhululekile nesisongela ukuphila, izilwane ezelusayo zivame ukukhipha la magesi ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-eructation (belching). Umsindo kanye nokuvama kokuvuvuka kuyizinkomba zenqubo yokuvuvuka enempilo.
4. Ukumuncwa
Iningi lokumuncwa kwezakhamzimba kwenzeka ku-rumen kanye ne-omasum. Ama-VFA akhiqizwa ukubiliswa kwamagciwane amuncwa odongeni lwe-rumen aye egazini bese ethuthelwa esibindini ukuze kugaywe. Ku-omasum, amanzi, i-sodium, i-potassium, kanye nama-VFA asele ayamuncwa, okufaka isandla ekubaleni koketshezi kanye ne-electrolyte.
5. Ama-enzyme Okugaya Ukudla
Ku-abomasum, amajusi esiswini aqukethe i-hydrochloric acid kanye ne-pepsinogen adala indawo ene-asidi eqala ukugaya amaprotheni. Ukudla okugayiwe kancane bese kuthuthela emathunjini amancane, lapho ama-enzyme e-pancreatic kanye ne-bile kuqhubeka nokuphula amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, namafutha abe amayunithi angamuncwa.
Imiphumela Yokudla Okunomsoco
Uhlelo lokugaya ukudla olukhethekile luvumela ukuguqulwa okuphumelelayo kwezitshalo ezine-fibrous zibe amandla nezakhamzimba, okwenza izilwane ezidla inyama zibe negalelo elibalulekile emvelweni nakwezolimo. Amandla azo okugaya ukudla okuluhlaza azenza zikwazi ukusebenzisa ukudla okungadliwa yizilwane ezingezona ezezilwane ezidla inyama, ngaleyo ndlela zidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni kokudla okusimeme.
Ukuthembela kwezilwane ezidla inyama ekuvuthweni kwamagciwane kunemiphumela ebalulekile yokudla. Ukwakheka kokudla kwezilwane ezidla inyama kumele kuqinisekise ibhalansi yezakhamzimba ezisekela impilo nomsebenzi wamagciwane, okuhlanganisa i-fiber eyanele, i-nitrogen, kanye namaminerali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqonda amandla okukhiqizwa kwe-VFA kanye nomthelela wawo ekugayweni kwamandla kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono ukudla kwezilwane ezidla inyama.
Isiphetho
Ukwakheka komzimba kanye ne-physiology yesistimu yokugaya ukudla yezilwane ezincelisayo kuyisibonelo sokuguquguquka okuphawulekayo okuye kwavela ukuze kusetshenziswe kakhulu izinto zezitshalo ezine-fibrous. Isisu esinezindawo ezine kanye nezinqubo ezihlobene zokugaya ukudla, ukubilisa amagciwane, kanye nokumunca kahle kwenza izilwane ezincelisayo zichume ekudleni okwakhiwa kakhulu ukudla okunezimila. Lokhu kuguquguquka kugqamisa ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo kanye namagciwane azo ahambisanayo, kugcizelela ubunzima kanye nokusebenza kahle kwalesi simiso sokugaya ukudla esiyingqayizivele. Ukuqonda lezi zindlela akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ulwazi lwethu ngebhayoloji yezilwane ezincelisayo kodwa futhi kwazisa ukuphathwa okungcono kanye nemikhuba yokudla ekukhiqizweni kwemfuyo.
