Umlando kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Kwemibono Yezinkanyezi
I-Astronomy, ukutadisha izinto zasemkhathini kanye nezenzakalo zasemkhathini, ibambe umcabango womuntu kusukela ekuqaleni kwempucuko. Kusukela kubabheki bezinkanyezi basendulo abahlela ukunyakaza kwamaplanethi nezinkanyezi kuya kososayensi bezinkanyezi banamuhla abahlola izindawo ezikude zendawo yonke, umkhondo wemibono yezinkanyezi ubonisa ukufuna kwesintu okungapheli ukuqonda indawo yonke. Lesi sihloko sihlola izigaba ezibalulekile emlandweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwemibono yezinkanyezi, silandelela ukuvela kwazo kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube namuhla.
Izisekelo Zasendulo
Izimpande zocwaningo lwezinkanyezi zibuyela emuva enkathini yasendulo, lapho abantu bokuqala babebona khona isibhakabhaka futhi beqaphela amaphethini okunyakaza kwezinto zasezulwini. Lokhu kuhlola kwaholela ekwakhiweni kwamakhalenda ayisisekelo, abalulekile kwezolimo nasekusindeni. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zifaka phakathi izakhiwo ze-megalithic zaseStonehenge eNgilandi kanye namaphiramidi aseGibhithe, ahambisana nemicimbi yasezulwini njenge-solstices kanye ne-equinoxes.
EMesopotamiya yasendulo, abaseBhabhiloni benza intuthuko enkulu kwezesayensi yezinkanyezi, bathuthukisa amarekhodi okuqala ezinkanyezi aziwayo cishe ngo-1600 BCE. Balandelela ngokucophelela ukunyakaza kwamaplanethi, bakha uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezibonakaliso zasezulwini. Ngokufanayo, amaShayina asendulo nawo anegalelo olwazini lwezinkanyezi lwasekuqaleni, ebhala ishadi lama-comet kanye nokufiphala kwelanga ngokunemba okuphawulekayo.
Izinto Zasendulo Zasendulo: Amamodeli E-Geocentric
Izazi zefilosofi zamaGreki zasendulo zathuthukisa imibono yezinkanyezi, lapho abacabangi abanjengoPythagoras, uPlato, no-Aristotle benikeza imibono yokuqala yezinkanyezi. Kodwa-ke, kwakunguClaudius Ptolemy, isazi sezinkanyezi samaGreki namaGibhithe, owasungula imodeli ye-geocentric yendawo yonke encwadini yakhe enkulu, ethi “Almagest” (cishe ngo-150 CE). Imodeli kaPtolemy yathi uMhlaba wawusenkabeni yendawo yonke, neLanga, iNyanga, amaplanethi, nezinkanyezi zizungeza nxazonke ngendlela ezungeza ngokuphelele.
Uhlelo lukaPtolemy olugxile emvelweni lwabusa imicabango yaseNtshonalanga iminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane, lwagxila kakhulu emfundisweni yesayensi neyenkolo. Kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi lapho lo mbono waqala ukuphikiswa khona kakhulu.
Ushintsho Olushintshayo: I-Heliocentrism
Ukuqala kweRenaissance kwabona ushintsho olukhulu emcabangweni wezinkanyezi. UNicolaus Copernicus, isazi sezibalo nesazi sezinkanyezi sasePoland, washicilela umsebenzi wakhe obalulekile, othi “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres,” ngo-1543. Kuwo, waphakamisa imodeli egxile emkhathini, lapho iLanga, hhayi uMhlaba, lalithatha indawo ephakathi endaweni yonke.
Imfundiso kaCopernicus egxile emkhathini yabhekana nokumelana okunzima kweSonto kanye nabalandeli besimiso sikaPtolemaic. Kodwa-ke, yathola ukuthandwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi ngeminikelo yezazi zezinkanyezi ezalandela. UJohannes Kepler, isazi sezibalo saseJalimane, wakha phezu komsebenzi kaCopernicus ngokwakha imithetho yakhe emithathu yokuhamba kwamaplanethi phakathi kuka-1609 no-1619. Imithetho kaKepler yabonisa ukuthi amaplanethi ahamba ngendlela ejikelezayo, hhayi eyindilinga, okunikeza incazelo enembile yokunyakaza kwamaplanethi.
UGalileo Galilei
Isazi se-polymath sase-Italy, uGalileo Galilei, wadlala indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni imodeli ye-heliocentric. Esebenzisa i-telescope esanda kusungulwa, uGalileo wenza imibono emisha eyaphonsela inselelo izinkolelo ze-geocentric ezazikhona. Ngo-1610, wathola izinyanga ezine ezinkulu ze-Jupiter, enikeza ubufakazi obuqinile bokuthi akuzona zonke izidalwa zasezulwini ezizungeza uMhlaba.
Ukubona kukaGalileo izigaba zeVenus kusekela kakhulu inkolelo-mbono ye-heliocentric, njengoba yayihambisana neplanethi ezungeza iLanga. Lokhu okutholakele kwamfaka engqubuzana ngqo neSonto LamaRoma Katolika, okwaholela ekuqulweni kwakhe icala kamuva kanye nokuboshwa kwakhe endlini. Naphezu kwalokhu, umsebenzi kaGalileo wabeka isisekelo sokwamukelwa kwe-heliocentrism ekugcineni.
Ukuhlanganiswa kweNewtonian
Ikhulu le-17 laphinde labona ukuvela kukaSir Isaac Newton, isazi sezibalo kanye nesazi sefiziksi saseNgilandi esineminikelo eyashintsha kokubili ifiziksi kanye nesayensi yezinkanyezi. Ku-magnum opus yakhe, ethi “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” (1687), uNewton wakha imithetho yokunyakaza kanye namandla adonsela phansi omhlaba wonke, eyanikeza uhlaka lwezibalo lokuqonda ukunyakaza kwezinto zasezulwini.
Umthetho kaNewton wamandla adonsela phansi uchaze indlela amandla adonsela phansi alawula ngayo ukunyakaza kwamaplanethi nezinyanga, eqinisekisa ngokwezibalo imodeli ye-heliocentric. Ukuhlanganiswa kwakhe kwemithetho kaKepler kanye nenkolelo-mbono yamandla adonsela phansi kwakha uhlaka oluhambisanayo nolubikezelayo lwemishini yasezulwini, okuphawula ingqophamlando ebalulekile emlandweni wezinkanyezi.
Izinkanyezi Zanamuhla: Kusukela Ekuhlobaneni Kuya Ku-Quantum Mechanics
Ikhulu lama-20 laletha ezinye izinguquko ezandisa ukuqonda kwethu indawo yonke. Umbono ka-Albert Einstein wobudlelwano obujwayelekile, owanyatheliswa ngo-1915, wachaza kabusha ngokuyisisekelo ukuqonda kwethu amandla adonsela phansi. Ngokusho kobudlelwano obujwayelekile, amandla adonsela phansi akuwona amandla kodwa ukugoba kwesikhathi sesikhala okubangelwa izinto ezinkulu. Lo mbono wachaza ngempumelelo ukujikeleza komjikelezo we-Mercury futhi wabikezela ukugoba kokukhanya ngamandla adonsela phansi, okwaqinisekiswa kamuva ngesikhathi sokushona kwelanga ngo-1919.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-quantum mechanics ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwanezela olunye ungqimba lokujula emibonweni yezinkanyezi. I-Quantum mechanics, eyakhiwa amaphayona anjengoMax Planck, uNiels Bohr, noWerner Heisenberg, ichaze ukuziphatha kwezinhlayiya ezingaphansi kwe-atomic, inikeza ukuqonda ngesimo esiyisisekelo sezinto namandla.
Ukwandiswa Kwendawo Yonke
Enye yezinto ezitholwe ngokushintsha kakhulu kwesayensi yezinkanyezi yanamuhla kwaba ukwembulwa kokuthi indawo yonke iyanda. Ngawo-1920, u-Edwin Hubble, isazi sezinkanyezi saseMelika, waphawula ukuthi imithala yayisuka komunye nomunye, okuphakamisa indawo yonke eguquguqukayo neguqukayo. Lokhu kutholakala kwaholela ekwakhiweni kwenkolelo-mbono ye-Big Bang, eyaphakanyiswa nguGeorges Lemaître, eyayithi indawo yonke yaqala njengesimo esishisayo nesiminyene futhi ibilokhu ikhula kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
Ithiyori yeBig Bang yaqinisekiswa ngokwengeziwe ngokutholakala kwemisebe yangemuva ye-microwave ye-cosmic ngu-Arno Penzias noRobert Wilson ngo-1965. Le misebe, insalela yendawo yonke yakuqala, yanikeza ubufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda bokuqhuma kokuqala okwazala indawo yonke.
Isiphetho
Umlando kanye nentuthuko yemibono yezinkanyezi kubonisa ilukuluku elihlala njalo lesintu kanye nekhono lokuthola izinto ezintsha. Kusukela kubabheki bezinkanyezi basendulo kuya kososayensi bezinkanyezi banamuhla, isizukulwane ngasinye sakhele phezu kolwazi lwezinkathi zangaphambilini, kancane kancane sembula izimfihlakalo zendawo yonke. Uhambo oluvela ku-geocentrism kuya ku-heliocentrism, kusukela ku-classical mechanics kuya ku-relativity kanye ne-quantum theory, luye lwakhanyisa indawo yethu endaweni yonke, ngenkathi futhi lwembula ubukhulu kanye nobunzima bendawo yonke esihlala kuyo.
Njengoba siqhubeka nokufinyelela imingcele yolwazi ngentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe kanye namasu amasha okubuka, uhambo lokuhlola izinkanyezi lusekude kakhulu nokuphela. Ukutholwa ngakunye okusha kusisondeza ekuvezeni izimfihlo ezijulile zendawo yonke, okuqinisekisa indawo yethu njengezidalwa ezinolwazi endaweni yonke ekhula njalo.
