Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezithombe Eziqoshwe Kusukela Ezakudala Kuya Kwezanamuhla
Imifanekiso eqoshiwe ingenye yezindlela ezindala kakhulu zokuveza umbono empucukweni yabantu. Yayisebenza njengendlela yokurekhoda izinkolelo, idumisa abantu ababalulekile, iphawula ukunqoba, ngisho nokuzwakalisa ukugxekwa komphakathi. Nakuba ezikhathini zakudala, izithombe eziqoshiwe zazivame ukusebenza njengokubonakaliswa kwemibono—onkulunkulu, amaqhawe, kanye nabanye abantu abahlonishwayo—enkathini yanamuhla, izithombe eziqoshiwe ziye zashintsha zaba ulimi lobuciko olukhululekile: olungabonakali, oluhlolayo, ngisho nolunomqondo. Lolu hambo olude lubonisa ukuthi izinguquko emibonweni yabantu ngomzimba, isikhala, izinto zokwakha, kanye nencazelo ziye zabumba isiqondiso sezithombe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Isithombe Esimweni Sasendulo: Ukuvumelana, Ukulingana, kanye Nombono Ofanele
Uma sicabanga "ngezinto zakudala," imicabango ivame ukuphendukela empucukweni yamaGreki namaRoma. Enkathini yamaGreki Asendulo, izithombe eziqoshiwe zaba yindlela eyinhloko yokudlulisela imibono yobuhle, ibhalansi, kanye nokulingana. Abaqophi bakha izithombe zabantu ezazibonakala ziphelele, zine-anatomy elinganisiwe kanye nokuma okuvamile. Umqondo we-contrapposto—indawo lapho umzimba uphumule khona ngomlenze owodwa ukuze kube nomphumela wemvelo—wawungenye yezinto ezinkulu ezafeza izithombe eziqoshiwe zabonakala ziphila futhi zinamandla.
Izithombe eziqoshiwe zakudala zazingagcini nje ngokulingisa umzimba, kodwa futhi zazidlulisela izindinganiso zomphakathi. Onkulunkulu babeqoshwe ngegunya, abasubathi babeboniswa ngemizimba emihle njengezimpawu zamandla nokuzithiba, kuyilapho abantu ababalulekile babebonakaliswa bengenakufa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuwena bezepolitiki namasiko. Ngesikhathi samaRoma, amasiko amaGreki aqhubeka kodwa ngokugcizelela okusha: ubuqiniso besithombe. Ama-busts (amakhanda nezifuba) ababusi bamaRoma nezikhulu ayevame ukukhombisa imibimbi, ukuthungwa kwesikhumba, kanye nokubonakaliswa komuntu ngamunye. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi izithombe zazingezona nje izinto ezicatshangelwayo, kodwa futhi zaziyithuluzi lokubhala imibhalo yomphakathi kanye nokwenza amandla abe semthethweni.
Izinto ezazivelele ngesikhathi sesikhathi sakudala kwakuyimabula nethusi. Imabula yayivumela imininingwane emincane kanye nomuzwa "omsulwa", kanti ithusi lalivumela inkululeko yokudala izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, okuhlanganisa nezici ezivezwayo ngaphandle kokuphuka kalula. Njengoba amasu ethuthuka, izithombe zakudala zaba indinganiso yobuhle eyayizothonya izinkathi eziningi ezalandela.
Iminyaka Ephakathi: Ingokomoya Lisusa Ubunjalo Bemvelo
Lapho bengena eNkathini Ephakathi eYurophu, impilo yagxila enkolweni. Izithombe eziqoshiwe nazo zashintsha indlela eziqondiswa ngayo. Ngenkathi izithombe zakudala zigcizelela ukwakheka komzimba nobuhle bomzimba, izithombe eziqoshiwe zasendulo zazithambekele kakhulu ezimpawini nasemilayezweni engokomoya. Izithombe eziqoshwe emasontweni, emachwebeni esonto elikhulu, kanye nezithombe zabangcwele zazidwetshwe ngendlela engeyona engokoqobo: izilinganiso zazingandiswa, izinkulumo zibe zithambile, futhi ukushukuma komzimba kube nzima.
Kodwa lokhu kuqina kwakungewona nje umkhawulo wezobuchwepheshe. Kwabonisa isidingo sokuqondisa ukunaka encazelweni yenkolo, kunezinjabulo ezibonakalayo zezwe. Umfanekiso wawusebenza "njengomfundisi" emphakathini ongafundile kangako, udlulisa izindaba zeBhayibheli ngezithombe nangesimo. Imidwebo yayibalulekile ngoba yayingalandisa indaba ende ngaphakathi kochungechunge olulodwa lwamaphaneli.
Nokho, ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, isithakazelo ekubhekaneni namaqiniso saqala ukuvuselelwa. Imininingwane eyengeziwe yemvelo yokugoqwa kwendwangu, ukubukeka kobuso bomuntu okwengeziwe, kanye nokuhlolwa okuseduze komzimba kwaqala ukungena kancane kancane esithombeni, kwavula indlela yokuvuselelwa okukhulu okulandelayo.
I-Renaissance: Ukuzalwa Kabusha Komuntu Nesayensi Esifanekisweni
I-Renaissance yaletha umoya "wokubuyela" ezindinganisweni zakudala: ubuntu, ukuqonda, kanye nokufunda nge-anatomy. Izithombe eziqoshiwe zaphinde zagxila kubantu njengesihloko esiyinhloko. Abaqophi bezithombe bafunda umzimba ngokubuka ngqo, futhi kwezinye izimo, ucwaningo lwe-anatomy. Izithombe eziqoshiwe phakathi nalesi sikhathi azigcizelelanga ubuhle kuphela kodwa futhi ne-psychology kanye nobuntu.
UMichelangelo waba ngomunye wabantu ababaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wezithombe zobuciko zeRenaissance. Umsebenzi wakhe wabonisa ukuqonda okujulile kwemisipha, ukunyakaza, kanye namandla okuveza umzimba womuntu. Izithombe zobuciko zazingaseyona nje "isithombe esinezinhlangothi ezintathu," kodwa zaziyisithombe esinomuzwa wamandla angaphakathi kanye nedrama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa kombono kanye nokuqonda isikhala kwezobuciko obubonakalayo nakho kwathonya indlela izithombe zobuciko ezazibekwa futhi zibukwa ngayo. Izithombe zobuciko zaqala ukubhekwa ngezindlela ezahlukene, zihlanganiswa nezakhiwo—kokubili emasontweni nasezindaweni zomphakathi.
I-Baroque ne-Rococo: Ukunyakaza, Idrama, kanye Nokunethezeka
Ngesikhathi seBaroque, izithombe eziqoshiwe zaba yindawo yokudlala yaseshashalazini. Ukunyakaza komzimba kwenziwa kwabonakala sengathi kuphuma etsheni noma ethusi. Kwagcizelelwa imizwa: injabulo, ukwesaba, ukunqoba, noma ukuthobeka. Izingoma eziqoshiwe zazivame ukugoba, zidala umuzwa wokunyakaza njengoba umbukeli ehambahamba kuzo. Izithombe eziqoshiwe zaseBaroque nazo zazivame ukusebenzisana nokukhanya, izakhiwo, nezinye izinto zokuhlobisa, okwandisa umphumela omangalisayo.
I-Rococo eyalandela yayivame ukuba lula futhi ihlobise kakhulu. Lesi sitayela sasigcizelela ukuhlobisa, ukugeleza kwesimo, kanye nobuhle bokudlala. Nakuba yayingeyona into ephawulekayo njenge-Baroque, i-Rococo yacebisa ulimi lwezithombe ngezinto ezinhle kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kwezigodlo nezakhiwo ezidumile.
I-Neoclassical kanye ne-Romantic: Phakathi kwe-Order kanye ne-Emotional Freedom
Ekhulwini le-18 kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, i-Neoclassicalism yavela njengokusabela ekucebeni kwe-Baroque ne-Rococo. Abaculi babuyela ekuthandeni ukuhleleka kwakudala kanye nobulula. Izithombe ze-Neoclassical zibonakala "zihlanzekile" futhi zivinjelwe, zinezimo ezizolile kanye nezindawo ezibushelelezi, okukhumbuza izithombe ze-Greco-Roman. Izindinganiso zokuziphatha kanye nemibono yobuhle kuyizihloko ezivamile.
Kodwa-ke kwavela ubuRomanticism, bugcizelela imizwa, umcabango, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu. Izithombe zothando zingabonisa ukunyakaza okukhululekile, ukubonakaliswa okunamandla, kanye nezindikimba ezihilela imvelo, inhlekelele, noma ubuqhawe bomuntu ngamunye. Lapha, izithombe zaqala ukusuka emithethweni eqinile yemibono futhi zavula isikhala sokuzithoba komdwebi.
Ukuya Ebucikweni Besimanje: Ubuqiniso, Umbono Ongokoqobo, kanye Noshintsho Lwezinto Ezibonakalayo
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, izithombe ezibaziweyo zaqala ukuphonsela inselelo imibono yombono ophambene kanye nezemfundo. Umbono ongokoqobo waphakamisa impilo yansuku zonke njengesihloko esifanelekela ukudweba: izisebenzi, abantu abavamile, kanye nezikhathi ezazingewona "amaqhawe" ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kwabe sekuvela indlela eyayigcizelela umbono odlulayo kanye nokudlala kwezindawo ezibaziweyo, njengoba kubonakala emisebenzini ka-Auguste Rodin. URodin wayengazilungisi njalo izindawo ezibaziweyo zakhe; iminonjana yezandla zakhe kanye nokuthungwa kwashiywa kusobala ukuze kunikezwe izithombe umuzwa wokuphila, ukuzimela, kanye namandla.
Phakathi nalesi sigaba, kwenzeka olunye ushintsho olukhulu: izinto zokwakha kanye namasu kwahlukahluka kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwemabula nethusi, abaculi baqala ukusebenzisa insimbi, insimbi, ukhuni, kanye nezinto ezihlanganisiwe. Ubuchwepheshe bezimboni bavula amathuba amasha: ukushisela, ukwenziwa kwensimbi yesimanje, kanye nokukhiqizwa okukhulu.
Isithombe Sanamuhla: Isifinyezo, Ukuhlola, kanye Nomqondo
Ikhulu lama-20 laphawula ukuguquka okukhulu. Izithombe eziqoshiwe zazingasadingeki zimelele umzimba womuntu ngokoqobo. Kwavela ukufinyeza, kwagcizelela isimo, isigqi, ubukhulu, kanye nesikhala. Abaculi abanjengoConstantin Brâncuși baphishekela "ingqikithi" yesimo, behlisa izibalo zaba yizimo ezicacile kanye nobuningi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kwavela ukwakheka kanye nemifanekiso eqoshiwe esekelwe ku-geometric, kwagcizelela izakhiwo nezinto zokwakha zezimboni.
Intuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu ekuqopheni izithombe zanamuhla ukushintsha kusuka "entweni" kuya "kokuhlangenwe nakho." Izithombe azihlali zime phezu kwezisekelo; zingalenga, zihlangane endaweni, noma zibe yizinto ezimema umbukeli ukuthi angene emsebenzini. Izithombe eziqoshwe ziphinde zihlanganise ukudweba okuhambayo (ukudweba okuhambayo), ubuciko bomhlaba (ukungenelela kobuciko ezindaweni), kanye nobuciko bomqondo, lapho umqondo ungathatha indawo ngaphezu kwento ebonakalayo uqobo.
Izinto zokwakha seziguquguquka kakhulu: ipulasitiki, ingilazi, indwangu, iphepha, izinto ezitholakele, ngisho nobuchwepheshe bedijithali njengokumodela kwe-3D kanye nokunyathelisa kwe-3D. Izithombe zesimanje ziphakamisa imibuzo: ingabe izithombe kufanele zibe yinto ehlala njalo? Ingabe kufanele zibe "zinhle"? Ingabe kufanele zenziwe kusetshenziswa amasu endabuko? Le mibuzo yiyo egcina izithombe ziphila futhi zibalulekile.
Isiphetho: Kusukela Ekuhloleni Okuhle Kuya Ekuhloleni Okungenamkhawulo
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezithombe eziqoshiwe, kusukela kwezakudala kuya kwezanamuhla, kuyindaba yokushintsha kwezindinganiso kanye nendlela abantu ababheka ngayo umhlaba. Enkathini yakudala, izithombe eziqoshiwe zazifanekisela ukuvumelana kanye nombono omuhle. I-Middle Ages yazishintsha zaba yizinto ezingokomoya kanye nemiyalezo yokuziphatha. I-Renaissance yavuselela isikhungo somuntu futhi yazala amakhono okwakheka komzimba kanye nezingoma ezinkulu. I-Baroque ne-Rococo zacebisa ubukhulu bedrama kanye nokuhlobisa. I-Neoclassical kanye ne-Romanticism zabonisa ukungezwani phakathi kokuhleleka kanye nemizwa. Ekugcineni, inkathi yanamuhla yaphula imingcele, yenza izithombe eziqoshiwe zaba insimu yokuhlola ngesimo, isikhala, izinto zokwakha, kanye nemibono.
Ekugcineni, ukubaza akukona nje ukudala izimo ezinobukhulu obuthathu, kodwa futhi kumayelana nokuguqula indlela esibona ngayo isikhala, ukuqonda umzimba, kanye nokuhumusha incazelo. Kusukela kumabula aqoshiwe kahle kuya ekufakweni kwesimanje okuguqula izikhala zonke, ukubaza kuyaqhubeka nokukhula kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesintu uqobo. Ngenkathi ubuciko bakudala busifundisa ngomqondo ofanele, ubuciko besimanje busimema ukuba sigubhe okungenzeka.
