Ulwalamano: Ukuqonda iNgqiqo yeSithuba kunye nexesha kwiFiziksi
Ulwalamano yenye yezona ngcamango zibalulekileyo kwifiziksi yanamhlanje, iguqula indlela esiyiqonda ngayo indalo iphela. Ithiyori yolwalamano yahlulwe yaba ziinxalenye ezimbini eziphambili: ulwalamano olukhethekileyo kunye nolwalamano oluqhelekileyo. Zombini zibonelela ngokuqonda okunzulu kwendawo, ixesha, kunye nomxhuzulane.
1. Imbali emfutshane yobudlelwane
Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, i-classical physics, eyaqulunqwa ngu-Isaac Newton, yayisele inike isiseko esiqinileyo kwiinkalo ezininzi ze-physics. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izinto azikwazanga ukuchazwa yi-Newtonian theory. Enye yeengxaki ezinkulu yayikukungangqinelani phakathi kwe-Newtonian mechanics kunye ne-electromagnetism, eyaqulunqwa nguJames Clerk Maxwell. Ukungaguquguquki kwesantya sokukhanya okucetywayo nguMaxwell kwakungenakucaciswa ngaphakathi kwesakhelo se-Newtonian mechanics, eyayithatha ixesha kunye nendawo epheleleyo.
Ngo-1905, uAlbert Einstein wapapasha iphepha elalizisa ithiyori ekhethekileyo yokuhambelana kwezinto. Le thiyori yadibanisa iingcamango zesithuba nexesha zibe yinto enye ebizwa ngokuba yi-space-time yaza yabonisa ukuba isantya sokukhanya asiguquki kuzo zonke iifreyimu zesalathiso ezingenayo i-inertial. Kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, ngo-1915, uEinstein wazisa ithiyori yakhe ngokubanzi yokuhambelana kwezinto, eyandisa iingcamango zokuhambelana kwezinto ezikhethekileyo ukuba zibandakanye amandla angaphantsi komhlaba, ithatha indawo yengcamango kaNewton yoxinzelelo lwamandla angaphantsi komhlaba ngengcamango yotshintsho kwindlela egobileyo ngayo isithuba-xesha ngobunzima namandla.
2. Ulwalamano oluKhethekileyo
Imigaqo esisiseko
Ithiyori ekhethekileyo yokuhambelana kwezinto isekelwe kwiingcamango ezimbini eziphambili:
1. Imithetho yefiziksi iyafana kuzo zonke iifreyimu zereferensi ezingasebenziyo.
2. Isantya sokukhanya kwindawo engenamoya asiguquki kwaye asixhomekekanga kwintshukumo yomjongi okanye umthombo wokukhanya.
Iziphumo zoBudlelwane obuKhethekileyo
Kule migaqo mibini, kuvela iziphumo ezimangalisayo ezichasene nengqiqo yemihla ngemihla:
– Ukwanda kwexesha: Ixesha lihamba kancinci kwizinto ezihambayo xa kuthelekiswa nomntu obukeleyo. Le nto ibonakaliswe kwiimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nokubona amasuntswana angaphantsi kweatomic ehamba kufutshane nesantya sokukhanya kunye nokusetyenziswa kwewotshi zeathomu kwiinqwelomoya.
– Ukucotha Kobude: Into ehambayo xa ithelekiswa nomjongi iya kubonakala imfutshane. Le nto yenzeka ngaxeshanye necala lentshukumo yento.
– Ulwalamano loBunzima: Ubunzima buyanda ngesantya. Njengoko into isondela kwisantya sokukhanya, ubunzima bayo busondela kwisiphelo esingapheliyo, oko kuthetha ukuba kuya kufuneka amandla angenamkhawulo ukuze ikhawulezise ngakumbi.
Enye yeefomyula ezidumileyo ezithathwe kwi-special relativity yi-equation E=mc², ebonisa ukulingana phakathi kobunzima (m) kunye namandla (E) kunye nesantya se-light constant (c) njenge-multiplier.
Iziphumo zeTekhnoloji
Ulwalamano olukhethekileyo lunefuthe kungekuphela nje kwithiyori kodwa nakwitekhnoloji yanamhlanje. Umzekelo yiGlobal Positioning System (GPS), efuna ukulungiswa kolwalamano kwimiqondiso yayo ukuze ibonelele ngokuchanekileyo indawo ebekwe kuyo.
3. Ulwalamano Jikelele
Imigaqo esisiseko
Ulwalamano oluqhelekileyo luyandisa iingcamango zolwalamano olukhethekileyo ukuze lubandakanye umxhuzulane njengejiyometri yesithuba-ixesha. Imigaqo yayo esisiseko yile:
1. Umxhuzulane awungomandla njengakwiNewton, kodwa kukwakho nokugoba okanye ukugoba kwexesha lesithuba okubangelwa bubunzima namandla.
2. Ubunzima kunye namandla kutshintsha i-metric yesithuba-ixesha, nto leyo echaphazela iindlela ezimfutshane ezilandelwa zizinto kweso sithuba-ixesha.
Ijiyometri yeSithuba-sexesha
Ngokubanzi, izinto ezinkulu ezifana neenkwenkwezi neeplanethi zijika isithuba-ixesha ezizijikelezileyo. IiGeodesics, okanye iindlela ezimfutshane, kweli xesha-ixesha eligobileyo zibangela le nto siyayazi ngokuba ngumxhuzulane. Le ngcamango ingabonakala ngokucinga ngexesha-ixesha njengephepha lerabha eligobayo xa kubekwa ibhola enzima kulo.
Izinto ezibalulekileyo
Ulwalamano ngokubanzi luchaza izinto ezahlukeneyo ezingenakuchazwa yi-mechanics yaseNewtonian, ezinje:
– Ilensi Yomxhuzulane: Ukukhanya okuvela kwiinkwenkwezi okanye kwiigalaksi ezikude kunokugotywa bubunzima bezinto ezinkulu, ezifana neegalaksi okanye imingxunya emnyama, nto leyo evelisa imifanekiso emikhulu okanye egqwethekileyo.
– Ukutshintsha kokukhanya okubomvu okuphuma kwinto enkulu kuyancipha (kubomvu) ngenxa yempembelelo yomxhuzulane onamandla.
– Amaza Omxhuzulane: Ukuguquguquka kwendlela egobileyo ngayo isithuba-ixesha okubangelwa kukuhamba ngokukhawuleza kobunzima, njengemingxunya emibini emnyama edibanayo. La maza aqala ukubonwa ngokuthe ngqo kuvavanyo lwe-LIGO ngo-2015.
Uvavanyo lobudlelwane ngokubanzi
Olunye lovavanyo lokuqala lovavanyo lokuhambelana ngokubanzi yayiluvavanyo lukaSir Arthur Eddington lokutshintsha kwe-perihelion kaMercury kunye nokukhanya kwelanga ngo-1919. Olu kukhanya kwelanga kwavumela ukubonwa kokukhanya okuphambuka kwiinkwenkwezi ezikufutshane neLanga, ngokuhambelana noqikelelo lokuhambelana ngokubanzi.
4. Imeko Yendalo
Ulwalamano oluqhelekileyo lukwasisiseko se-cosmology yanamhlanje, uphando lwesayensi ngemvelaphi, ukuvela kwendalo, kunye nolwakhiwo lwendalo yonke. Iimodeli zendalo yonke eyandayo, kuquka nemodeli yeBig Bang, zisekelwe kwizibalo zika-Einstein ezithathwe kwi-general relativity.
Ukwandiswa kweNdalo yonke
Umthetho kaHubble, obonisa ukuba iinkwenkwezi ziyahambahamba, yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zobungqina bokwanda kwendalo iphela. Oku kunokuchazwa kuphela ngaphakathi kwesakhelo solwalamano oluqhelekileyo.
Izinto Ezimnyama kunye Namandla Amnyama
Ulwalamano oluqhelekileyo lukwaxela kwangaphambili ukuba kukho izinto ezingabonakaliyo esizibiza ngokuba yi-dark matter kunye ne-dark energy. I-dark matter, ekucingelwa ukuba ikhona ngobuninzi, ayikhuphi okanye ayibonisi ukukhanya, kodwa ubukho bayo bunokuqikelelwa kwimiphumo yayo yomxhuzulane kwizinto ezibonakalayo. I-dark energy, kwelinye icala, kucingelwa ukuba ibangela ukwanda okukhawulezileyo kwendalo iphela.
5. Ikamva loPhando loBudlelwane
Nanamhla oku, ulwalamano oluqhelekileyo nolukhethekileyo lusasebenza njengeentsika zefiziksi yethiyori neyovavanyo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iindawo ezininzi zophando ezisandula kuvela:
Ithiyori ye-Quantum Field kunye ne-Quantum Gravity
Ukudibanisa i-general relativity kunye ne-quantum mechanics, ezona ngcamango zimbini ziphumelele kakhulu kwifiziksi, ngumceli mngeni omkhulu. Imizamo yokuphuhlisa iingcamango ze-quantum gravity, ezifana ne-string theory kunye ne-loop quantum gravity, ijolise ekuvaleni lo msantsa.
Isiganeko Esingaqhelekanga
Uphononongo lwee-halos ezijikeleze imingxuma emnyama, imitha yeHawking, kunye nezinto ezingaqhelekanga embindini wemingxuma emnyama ziindawo ezisebenzayo zophando ezixoxwa kakhulu phakathi kwezazinzulu.
Ukuqukumbela
Ulwalamano, olukhethekileyo noluqhelekileyo, lutshintshe kakhulu indlela esibona ngayo indawo, ixesha kunye nomxhuzulane. Ukuqonda iingcamango zalo akukomelezanga nje kuphela izakhono zethu zesayensi kodwa kukwabonelele ngeengenelo ezisebenzayo kuluhlu olubanzi lwetekhnoloji yanamhlanje. Uphando oluqhubekayo kweli candelo kunye nemizamo yokudibanisa umxhuzulane kunye ne-quantum mechanics zithembisa ukuqonda okutsha ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo. Ngamafutshane, ulwalamano lusinceda siqonde indalo yonke ngendlela epheleleyo nenzulu ngakumbi.
