Ukuveliswa Kwamandla Amaza Ngamandla Avuselelekayo
Amandla ahlaziyekayo yinto ebalulekileyo ekusombululeni imingeni yotshintsho lwemozulu, ukwanda kwemfuno yombane, kunye nemithombo yamafutha efosili elinganiselweyo. Iingxoxo ngamandla avuselelekayo zihlala zigxila kumandla elanga, omoya, amanzi, kunye namandla obushushu. Nangona kunjalo, umthombo omnye wamandla unamandla amakhulu, ngakumbi kwilizwe elihlala lihlala lifana ne-Indonesia: amandla amaza olwandle. Izityalo zamandla amaza (i-PLTGL) zisebenzisa intshukumo ejikelezayo yamaza olwandle ukuwaguqula abe ngamandla ombane ukuze asetyenziswe luluntu kunye namashishini. Eli nqaku lixoxa ngengcamango, ubuchwepheshe, iingenelo, imingeni, kunye namathuba e-PLTGL kumhlaba wamandla avuselelekayo.
Amandla eWave yoLwandle
Amaza olwandle enziwa kukudluliselwa kwamandla ukusuka emoyeni ukuya kumphezulu wolwandle. Okukhona umoya unamandla kwaye uthatha ixesha elide, kokukhona amandla amaza eveliswa kakhulu. Amandla amaza aneenzuzo ngaphezu kwezinye imithombo evuselelekayo ngenxa yokuba azinzile kwaye aqikeleleka ngakumbi kunomoya okanye ukukhanya kwelanga nangaliphi na ixesha. Kwiindawo ezininzi ezikunxweme lolwandle nolwandle oluvulekileyo, amaza angaba khona phantse unyaka wonke ngamandla aphezulu.
I-Indonesia, enonxweme lwayo olukhulu kunye nendawo ephakathi koLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya nolwePasifiki, inamandla amakhulu okuvelisa amandla amaza. Imimandla esemazantsi yeJava, iBali, iNusa Tenggara, kunye neendawo zaseMaluku nasePapua ziphawulwa ngamaza anamandla, ngakumbi ngamaxesha athile omoya. Ukuba ilawulwa ngokufanelekileyo, amandla amaza anokuxhasa ukufakwa kombane kwiindawo ezikunxweme kunye neziqithi ezincinci ezixhomekeke kwidizili ngoku.
Indlela Izityalo Zamandla Amaza Ezisebenza Ngayo
Umgaqo osisiseko wesityalo samandla ombane esisebenza ngegesi (i-PLTGL) kukuguqula amandla oomatshini amaza abe ngamandla ombane. Amaza avelisa iintshukumo ezibuyela umva, ezinyukayo nezisezantsi, okanye utshintsho kuxinzelelo lwamanzi. Olu shukumo lusetyenziswa ukuqhuba iinkqubo zoomatshini ezifana neeturbine, iipiston, okanye iijenereyitha ezithe nkqo. Umbane ophumayo uqondiswa kwinkqubo yokuguqula amandla, uzinziswe, uze emva koko usasazwe kwigridi yamandla eselunxwemeni okanye usetyenziswe kwindawo leyo.
Ngokubanzi, inkqubo yesikhululo samandla esisebenza ngegesi (i-PLTGL) inamacandelo aliqela aphambili: inkqubo yokubamba amandla (i-converter), inkqubo yokudlulisela eguqula intshukumo ibe yi-rotation/force, i-generator, kunye nezixhobo zokupholisa umbane, kunye neentambo ezingaphantsi kwamanzi ukuhambisa umbane emhlabeni. Ukusebenza kwesikhululo samandla kuxhomekeke kakhulu kuyilo lwezixhobo, iimeko zamaza, ubunzulu bamanzi, kunye namaqhinga okusebenza nokugcina.
Iintlobo zeTekhnoloji yePLTGL
Itekhnoloji yamaza olwandle iphuhla ngokukhawuleza kwaye ineenguqu ezininzi. Ezinye zezona ntlobo zaziwayo ziquka:
1. Isifunxi seNgcambu
Esi sixhobo sidla ngokuba yi-float ehamba phezulu nasezantsi ilandela amaza. Intshukumo ethe nkqo ye-float iguqulwa ibe yi- umbane ngejenereyitha okanye inkqubo ethe tyaba Inzuzo yeHydraulic kuyilo lwayo olunemodyuli kunye nokukwazi ukufakwa ngobuninzi njenge "wave farm".
2. Ikholamu Yamanzi Eshukumayo (OWC)
Itekhnoloji ye-OWC isebenzisa ikholamu yomoya kwigumbi eliqhagamshelwe elwandle. Xa amaza engena, inqanaba lamanzi liyaphakama, licinezele umoya kwaye liwutyhalele kwi-turbine. Xa amaza ehla, umoya ubuyela ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwi-turbine. Ii-turbine ezisetyenziswayo zihlala zii-turbines ezikhethekileyo (umz., ii-turbines zeWells) ezinokujikeleza kumacala amabini.
3. Isithinteli
Esi sisixhobo eside esibekwe ngakwicala lamaza. Amaza abangela ukuba isixhobo siguqe kwezinye iindawo, size emva koko intshukumo iguqulwe ibe ngamandla ngenkqubo ye-hydraulic kunye nejenereyitha. Le ngcamango ifanelekile kumaza olwandle avulekileyo anamandla amakhulu.
4. Isixhobo esigqithisayo
Le nkqubo isebenzisa amaza "ukuchitha" amanzi kwidama eliphezulu, njengomgaqo wedama elincinci. Amanzi aqokelelweyo emva koko ajikeleziswa nge-hydro turbine ukuze avelise umbane. Inzuzo kukuba imveliso ezinzileyo ngenxa yedama, kodwa ifuna isakhiwo esikhulu.
Itekhnoloji nganye ineengenelo kunye nemida yayo. Ukukhetha izixhobo kufuneka kulungiselelwe iimpawu zamaza asekuhlaleni, iimfuno zamandla, ubunzulu kunye neekhontenti zolwandle, kunye neendleko zokwakha.
Iingenelo zeZityalo zoMbane ezisebenzisa iGesi kuTshintsho lwaMandla
Izityalo ezisebenzisa igesi (i-PLTGL) zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Okokuqala, zingumthombo wamandla ococekileyo kwaye azivelisi kukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ngexesha lokusebenza. Okwesibini, amandla amaza anamandla okuhambelana nohlobo lwamandla elanga nawomoya oluhlala luhleli. Kwezinye iindawo, amaza anokuhambelana ngakumbi ebusuku okanye ngexesha lemozulu enamafu, enceda ekuzinziseni ukunikezelwa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo.
Okwesithathu, izikhululo zamandla ezisebenzisa igesi (i-PLTGL) zinokuxhasa ukuzimela kwamandla kwiziqithi ezincinci. Iziqithi ezininzi ezikude zisaxhomekeke kwiijenereyitha zedizili ezibizayo nezingcolisayo, ezifuna umbane ongaguqukiyo. Nge-PLTGL, umbane unokuveliswa kufutshane nokusetyenziswa. Okwesine, uphuhliso lweshishini lezikhululo zamandla ezisebenzisa igesi lukwavula amathuba ophando, uyilo lobunjineli baselwandle, kunye nemisebenzi emitsha ekwakheni, ekusebenzeni, nasekulungiseni.
Imingeni kunye nemiqobo kuPhuhliso
Nangona ithembisa, izitishi zamandla ezisebenzisa igesi (i-PLTGL) zijongene nemingeni emikhulu. Enye yeendleko zotyalo-mali eziphezulu. Indalo yaselwandle iyatsha, iyatshintshatshintsha, kwaye imbi kakhulu. Izixhobo kufuneka zimelane nezivuthuvuthu, amaza amakhulu, kunye nokungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo (ukunamathela kwezinto eziphilayo zaselwandle), okunokonakalisa ukusebenza kwazo. Ngaphezu koko, imisebenzi kunye nokugcinwa kwazo elunxwemeni kuyinkimbinkimbi kwaye kubiza kakhulu kunezitishi zamandla zaselunxwemeni.
Omnye umceli mngeni kukuhlanganiswa kwigridi yombane. Iindawo ezininzi ezinamaza anamandla zikude kakhulu neendawo zokulayisha kwaye zisenokungabi naziseko zophuhliso zenethiwekhi ezifanelekileyo. Iintambo zangaphantsi kolwandle, izitishi ezincinci, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lwamandla ezithembekileyo ziyafuneka. Ngokwembono yolawulo, uphuhliso kwiindawo ezikunxweme nolwandle lukwafuna ulungelelwaniso lwamacandelo ahlukeneyo, kuquka ezo zibandakanya ukuloba, ukuthunyelwa ngenqanawa, ulondolozo, kunye nocwangciso lwendawo yolwandle.
Iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe nzulu. Nangona zicocekile kuneefosili, izityalo zamandla ezisebenzisa igesi (i-PLTGL) zinokuchaphazela iindawo zokuhlala zaselwandle, iipatheni zokwaphuka kwenkunkuma kwindawo ethile, okanye iindlela zokufuduka kwezilwanyana ezithile eziphilayo. Ke ngoko, izifundo zovavanyo lwempembelelo yokusingqongileyo (i-EIA), ukujonga indalo, kunye noyilo olunobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo zibalulekile ekuphunyezweni.
Amathemba eZityalo zoMbane ezisebenzisa iGesi eIndonesia
I-Indonesia inezixhobo ezibalulekileyo zokuphuhlisa izitishi zamandla ezisebenzisa igesi (i-PLTGL): unxweme olude, iindawo ezininzi ezinamaza aneleyo, kunye nemfuno ekhulayo yokufakelwa kombane kunye namandla acocekileyo. Uphuhliso lunokuqala ngeeprojekthi zovavanyo ezincinci ukuya kweziphakathi kwiindawo eziphambili, ezifana nonxweme olusemazantsi eJava okanye iziqithi ezincinci ezisaxhomekeke kwidizili. Le ndlela inceda ekuvavanyeni ukuthembeka kobuchwepheshe, imisele imigangatho yokhuseleko, kwaye yakhe amandla abasebenzi bendawo.
Intsebenziswano phakathi kukarhulumente, iiyunivesithi, amaziko ophando, kunye noshishino ibalulekile. Urhulumente udlala indima ekuboneleleni ngemithetho ecacileyo, izicwangciso zenkuthazo, kunye nenkxaso-mali yokuqala. Amacandelo ezemfundo nawophando anokuphuhlisa uyilo oluhambelana neempawu zamanzi ase-Indonesia, kubandakanya izinto ezimelana nokugqwala kunye neenkqubo zokubopha ezikhuselekileyo. Imizi-mveliso inokukhawulezisa imveliso, ukufakwa, kunye nokuthengiswa.
Kwixesha elizayo, i-PLTGL ingadityaniswa nezinye izityalo zamandla, ezifana nelanga kunye neebhetri, zenze inkqubo edibeneyo yokwandisa ukuthembeka kokunikezelwa. Ngaphezu koko, umbane wamaza ungasetyenziselwa izicelo ezikhethekileyo ezifana nokukhupha ityuwa emanzini olwandle, ukuvelisa i-hydrogen eluhlaza, okanye ukuxhasa amazibuko kunye nezibonelelo zaselunxwemeni.
Ukuqukumbela
Ukuveliswa kwamandla amaza lukhetho olunomtsalane kakhulu lwamandla avuselelekayo, ngakumbi kumazwe aselwandle. Ngokusebenzisa amandla amaninzi amaza, izityalo ezisebenzisa amaza (i-PLTGL) zinokunceda ekunciphiseni ukuxhomekeka kumafutha efosili, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya, nokuqinisa ukuzimela kwamandla kwiindawo ezikunxweme nakwiziqithi ezikude. Nangona kunjalo, uphuhliso lwazo lufuna utyalo-mali olukhulu, iteknoloji ekwaziyo ukumelana nolwandle, imigaqo exhasayo, kunye novavanyo olucokisekileyo lokusingqongileyo. Ukuba ziphunyezwa ngendlela ehambelanayo neyahlukeneyo, izityalo ezisebenzisa amaza zinokuba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yekamva lamandla acocekileyo e-Indonesia.
