Khopolo ea Boitsebahatso le Boitsebahatso ba Sechaba ho Sociology
Sebakeng sa thuto ea kahisano, likhopolo tsa boithati le boitsebiso ba sechaba ke tsa motheo, li fana ka leseli la hore na batho ba ikutloa joang le hore na ba amana joang le lefats'e le pharaletseng la sechaba. Meaho ena e hokahane ka botebo, kaha boithati bo ke ke ba utloisisoa ka botlalo ka ntle ho moelelo oa bona oa sechaba, 'me boitsebiso ba sechaba ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea ho inahana ha motho ka mong. Sengoloa sena se hlahloba likhopolo tsena tse hokahaneng, se ntse se teba metheong ea tsona ea khopolo-taba, bafani ba bohlokoa, le litlamorao tsa tsona bakeng sa ho utloisisa boitšoaro ba batho le meaho ea sechaba.
Boithati: Maikutlo a Motho ka Mong
Khopolo ea motho ka boeena ke ea bohlokoa ho utloisiseng phihlelo ea motho. Motho ka boeena o emela kutloisiso ea motho ka mong ka boitsebahatso ba hae le litšobotsi tsa hae. Charles Horton Cooley le George Herbert Mead ke batho ba bohlokoa bao mosebetsi oa bona o bopileng kutloisiso ea kahisano ea motho ka boeena haholo.
Charles Horton Cooley: Boithati ba ho Sheba Khalase
Cooley o hlahisitse mohopolo wa "boikutlo ba khalase," bo hlalositsweng bukeng ya hae ya Human Nature and the Social Order (1902). Kgopolo ena e bolela hore kgopolo ya motho ka mong e hahuwa ka dikamano tsa kahisano. Ho ya ka Cooley, boikutlo ba khalase bo na le dikarolo tse tharo tsa mantlha:
1. Ho nahana kamoo re shebahalang kateng ho ba bang: Re ipona re le batho ba bang ka pono ea bona.
2. Ho nahana ka kahlolo ea ponahalo eo: Re nahana kamoo ba bang ba ka re lekanyang kateng.
3. Ho ikutloa maikutlo a thehiloeng likahlolong tse bonoang: Re hlaolela maikutlo (a kang boikhohomoso kapa lihlong) a thehiloeng litekolong tsena.
Ts'ebetso ena ea triadic e bontša kamoo maikutlo a sechaba a bopang boitsebahatso ba rona, e totobatsa tlhaho ea sechaba ea motho ka boeena.
George Herbert Mead: Boithati ba Sechaba
George Herbert Mead o ile a hlalosa ka ho eketsehileng ka likarolo tsa kahisano tsa motho ka boeena, haholo-holo ka khopolo-taba ea hae ea tšebelisano-'moho ea tšoantšetso. Ho Mind, Self, and Society (1934), Mead o ile a khetholla pakeng tsa likarolo tsa "I" le "I" tsa motho ka boeena:
– “Ke”: Karolo e iketsahallang feela, e ikemetseng ea motho ka boeena e qalang liketso.
– “Nna”: Karolo e nahanang, e sekametseng sechabeng e bopilweng ke ditebello le melao ya setjhaba.
Moralo oa Mead o totobatsa tšebelisano-'moho e matla pakeng tsa botho le tšusumetso ea sechaba. Leha "Ke" e emela boikhethelo ba botho le boqapi, "Ke" e bonahatsa ho lumellana le ho sebelisana le batho. Bohlokoa khopolo-taba ea Mead ke karolo ea "ba bang ba bohlokoa" (batho ba haufi joalo ka ba lelapa le metsoalle) le "ba bang ba akaretsang" (sechaba se seholo), bao maikutlo a bona re a kenyang ka hare ho theha boitsebahatso bo kopaneng.
Boitsebiso ba Sechaba: Botho ba Sehlopha le Likamano tsa Sehlopha
Leha mohopolo oa boithati o shebane le maikutlo a motho ka mong, boitsebiso ba sechaba bo lebisa tlhokomelo kamanong ea motho le lihlopha tsa sechaba. Khopolo-taba ea boitsebiso ba sechaba, e ntlafalitsoeng ke Henri Tajfel le John Turner, e fana ka moralo o tiileng oa ho utloisisa ntlha ena.
Khopolo-taba ea Boitsebiso ba Sechaba (SIT)
Khopolo-taba ea boitsebiso ba sechaba e bolela hore khopolo-taba ea motho ka boeena e nkiloe ka karolo e itseng ho tsoa ho beng ba hae lihlopheng tsa sechaba. Ho ea ka mosebetsi oa bohlokoa oa Tajfel le Turner (1979), SIT e na le lits'ebetso tse tharo tsa mantlha:
1. Ho arola batho ka mekhahlelo ea sechaba: Ho arola batho ka lihlopha (ho kenyeletsoa le bona) ho latela litšobotsi tse arolelanoang. Ho arola batho ka mekhahlelo ena ho nolofatsa lefatše la sechaba le ho etsa hore ho be le tlhophiso.
2. Boitsebahatso ba Sechaba: Mokhoa oo ka oona batho ba amohelang boitsebiso ba sehlopha seo ba ipehetseng sehlopheng ka sona e le ba sona. Ba qala ho itšoara ka litsela tse lumellanang le melao le litekanyetso tsa sehlopha.
3. Papiso ea Sechaba: Tlhahlobo ea sehlopha sa motho (ka har'a sehlopha) mabapi le lihlopha tse ling (ka ntle ho sehlopha). Ts'ebetso ena e khothalletsa ho ikhetholla ha sehlopha le ho ntlafatsa boitlhompho ka ho bapisa lintho hantle.
SIT e totobatsa bohlokoa ba matla a sehlopha ho bopeng boitšoaro le maikutlo a motho ka mong. Ho ba setho sa sehlopha ho fa batho maikutlo a ho ba karolo ea sehlopha le a ho itšepa, empa ho ka boela ha lebisa likhohlanong tsa lihlopha le khethollo ha lihlopha tse ling li nkoa e le litšokelo.
Tšebelisano Pakeng tsa Boitsebahatso ba Motho ka Boeena le Boitsebahatso ba Sechaba
Boitsebahatso le boitsebiso ba sechaba ha se lintho tse ikhethileng; ho e-na le hoo, li sebelisana ka litsela tse rarahaneng. Boitsebiso ba sechaba bo ka susumetsa khopolo-taba ea motho ka boeena haholo, 'me ka tsela e fapaneng.
Bokhoni ba Boitsebiso le Moelelo
Moelelo o bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho khethoeng hore na ke karolo efe ea boitsebiso e bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa neng kapa neng. Boitsebiso ba sechaba bo ka hlahella haholoanyane maemong ao ho 'ona ho totobatsoang litho tsa sehlopha (mohlala, mokete oa setso), ha boitsebiso ba botho (boitsebahatso) bo ka 'na ba hlahella haholoanyane maemong a haufi-ufi (mohlala, kopano ea lelapa). Ho hlaka le ho itšetleha ka moelelo oa boitsebiso ho totobatsa tlhaho e nang le mahlakore a mangata ea boitsebahatso ba sechaba le boitsebahatso ba sechaba.
Puisano ea Boitsebiso
Batho ka bomong ba buisana ka boitsebahatso ba bona ka ho sebelisana le batho ka kakaretso. Puisano ena e kenyelletsa ho leka-lekanya litakatso tsa botho le litebello tsa sechaba. Mohlala, motho ka mong a ka thatafalloa ho hokahanya boitsebahatso ba hae ba profeshenale le litumelo tsa hae sebakeng sa mosebetsi. Lipuisano tsena li bontša kamoo motho ka boeena e leng sebopeho sa botho le sehlahisoa sa sechaba.
Litlamorao tsa ho Utloisisa Boitšoaro ba Batho
Mehopolo ea boithati le boitsebahatso ba sechaba e na le litlamorao tse tebileng bakeng sa ho utloisisa boitšoaro ba batho le meaho ea sechaba. Li fana ka temohisiso liketsahalong tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa le matla a sehlopha, leeme le bonngoe ba sechaba.
Matla a Sehlopha le Boitšoaro
Ho utloisisa boitsebiso ba sechaba ho thusa ho hlalosa mekhoa ea sehlopha, joalo ka tšebelisano-'moho, ho lumellana le maemo, le ketso ea sehlopha. E fana ka leseli la hore na ke hobane'ng ha batho ka bomong ba ka latela melao ea sehlopha, esita le ka litšenyehelo tsa likhetho tsa bona tsa botho, ho boloka boitsebiso bo botle ba sechaba le bonngoe ba sehlopha.
Khethollo le Khethollo
Khopolo-taba ea boitsebiso ba sechaba e fana ka moralo oa ho utloisisa leeme le khethollo lipakeng tsa lihlopha. Lipapiso tse ntle pakeng tsa lihlopha le lihlopha tse kantle ho tsona li ka lebisa leeme le bora ho litho tse kantle ho sehlopha. Ho utloisisa matla ana ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho nts'etsapele mekhoa ea ho fokotsa leeme le ho khothaletsa kutloano sechabeng.
Kutlwano le Kopanyo ea Sechaba
Boitsebahatso ba sechaba bo bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho holiseng bonngoe ba sechaba. Boitsebahatso bo arolelanoang bo ka theha bonngoe le tšehetso e kopanetsoeng ka har'a lihlopha, e leng se tlatsetsang botsitsong ba sechaba le boiketlong ba sehlopha. Leha ho le joalo, ho kenyeletsoa ha boitsebiso bona ho bohlokoa ho netefatsa kopanyo e pharaletseng ea sechaba le ho qoba ho arohana.
fihlela qeto e
Mehopolo ea boitšepo le boitsebiso ba sechaba ke tsa bohlokoa lipatlisisong tsa kahisano, tse fanang ka kutloisiso e felletseng ea hore na batho ba ikutloa joang le hore na ba amana joang le lefats'e la kahisano. Leha li metse ka metso maikutlong a motho ka mong, meaho ena e susumetsoa haholo ke likamano tsa sechaba le litho tsa sehlopha. Ka hona, li fana ka temohisiso ea bohlokoa mabapi le boitšoaro ba batho, bonngoe ba sechaba le likamano tsa lihlopha. Ka ho hlahloba le ho utloisisa likhopolo tsena, litsebi tsa kahisano li ka utolla hamolemo mathata a ho thehoa ha boitsebiso le litlamorao tsa bona ho batho ka bomong le sechabeng.
