Bonono le Botle ho ea ka Filosofi
Bonono le botle ke mehopolo e 'meli e hokahaneng e 'nileng ea e-ba sepheo sa lipatlisiso tsa filosofi ka makholo a lilemo. Motheong oa lipatlisiso tsena ho na le lipotso eseng feela mabapi le hore na bonono ke eng empa hape le mabapi le hore na re bona le ho lekola botle le litlhaloso tsa bonono joang. Sengoloa sena se kenella ka botebo lintlheng tsa filosofi tsa bonono le botle, se hlahloba likhopolo le maikutlo a fapaneng a ntlafalitseng kutloisiso ea rona ea likarolo tsena tsa bohlokoa tsa phihlelo ea batho.
Metheo ea Histori
Philosophy ea boholo-holo
Ho nahana ka filosofi ka bonono le botle ho ka sala morao ho tloha Greece ea Boholo-holo. Plato, e mong oa batho ba qalang, o ne a e-na le maikutlo a sa utloahaleng ka bonono. Lipuisanong tsa hae, haholo-holo ho "Rephaboliki," o ile a bontša matšoenyeho a hore bonono bo ka khelosa le ho senya, kaha e ne e le ho etsisa 'nete feela—kahoo bo tlositsoe 'neteng ka makhetlo a mararo. O ile a bolela hore tsebo ea 'nete e ka fumanoa feela ka ho itlhahloba ka ho utloahalang ho e-na le phihlelo ea kutlo.
Aristotle, seithuti sa Plato, o ile a iteta sefuba ho phahamisa boemo ba bonono ka ho totobatsa tlhaho ea bona ea ho etsisa mosebetsing oa hae oa "Poetics." Ho ea ka Aristotle, bonono, haholo-holo tlokotsi, bo ne bo sebeletsa mosebetsi oa cathartic ka ho lumella batho ho hloekisa maikutlo a bona. Ho fapana le Plato, Aristotle o ne a ananela bokhoni ba bonono ba ho fetisa linnete tsa bokahohleng mabapi le tlhaho ea motho le phihlelo.
Mehopolo ea Mehleng ea Bohareng ho ea ho ea Renaissance
Nakong ea Mehleng e Bohareng, botle bo ne bo susumetsoa haholo ke lithuto tsa bolumeli. Mohalaleli Augustine le Mohalaleli Thomas Aquinas ba ile ba hokahanya filosofi ea khale le thuto ea bolumeli ea Bokreste, ba talima bonono haholo-holo e le mokhoa oa ho phahamisa moea ho ea botleng ba bomolimo. Bonono bo ne bo nkoa e le sesebelisoa sa ho tlotlisa Molimo le ho ruta bongata ka lipale tsa bolumeli le mekhoa e metle ea boitšoaro.
Tsosoloso e tlisitse tsosoloso ea likhopolo tsa Bagerike le Baroma, hammoho le botho bo ntseng bo hola. Litsebi tsa bonono tse kang Leonardo da Vinci le Michelangelo li ile tsa leka ho kopanya lintho tsa moea le tsa lefats'e, li batlisisa botebo ba bokhoni ba motho le botho ba hae. Nako ena e ne e tšoaea phetoho e lebisang kananelong ea botle le boqapi e seng ea lefatše.
Filosofi ea Kajeno
Leseli le Botle
The Enlightenment e ile ea tlisa khopolo-taba e hlophisitsoeng ea botle. "Tlhahlobo ea Kahlolo" ea Immanuel Kant e ntse e le e 'ngoe ea mesebetsi e nang le tšusumetso e kholo lefapheng lena. Kant o ile a fana ka maikutlo a hore kahlolo ea botle ha e na thahasello, ho bolelang hore ha e na leeme la botho kapa mabaka a susumetsoang ke thuso. O hlahisitse likhopolo tsa "boitlhompho" le "botle," a hlalosa kamoo liphihlelo tsena li hlahisang mefuta e fapaneng ea likarabo tsa maikutlo. Ho Kant, phihlelo ea botle e ne e le tšebelisano e ikhethang pakeng tsa matla a kutloisiso le monahano.
Motho e mong ea bohlokoa, David Hume, o sheba botle ba tlhaho ka pono ea lintho tse bonahalang. Bukeng ea "Of the Standard of Taste," Hume o pheha khang ea hore leha botle bo le mahlong a motho ea bo shebileng, melao-motheo e itseng ea bokahohle e ka tataisa likahlolo tsa rona tsa botle. O ile a lumela hore tatso ke ea bohlokoa empa a lumela hore tumellano har'a bahlahlobisisi ba tšoanelehang e ka theha maemo a ho lekola bonono.
Lerato la Botho le ka Ntle ho moo
Lekholo la bo19 la lilemo le bone phetoho e lebisang ho Romanticism, e neng e hatisa matla a maikutlo, polelo ea motho ka mong, le bokhabane. Bo-rafilosofi ba kang Friedrich Schiller le Arthur Schopenhauer ba ne ba nka bonono e le sebaka seo khatello ea thato e ka emisoang ka nakoana ho sona. Schopenhauer, haholo-holo, o ne a lumela hore bonono bo fana ka pholoho boitekong bo sa feleng bo khethollang boteng ba motho, bo fanang ka setšabelo sa ho nahana ka ho hloekileng.
Mekhoa ea Filosofi ea Mehleng Ena
Botle ba Tlhahlobo
Lekholong la bo20 la lilemo, ho phahama ha filosofi ea tlhahlobo ho tlisitse karolo e ncha ho botle. Batho ba nahanang joalo ka Ludwig Wittgenstein le Nelson Goodman ba ile ba hlahloba meaho ea puo le ea matšoao e thehiloeng bononong. "Lipuo tsa Bonono" tsa Goodman li ile tsa pheha khang ea hore mesebetsi ea bonono e sebetsa e le matšoao ka har'a tsamaiso ea boemeli, joalo ka puo. O ile a botsa lipotso mabapi le mofuta oa tlhahiso ea bonono, boemeli, le litekanyetso tsa ho khetholla bonono ho tse seng tsa bonono.
Arthur Danto, motho e mong ea hlahelletseng thutong ea botle ba tlhahlobo, o hlahisitse khopolo ea "lefatše la bonono." Moqoqong oa hae oa "Lefatše la Bonono," o fana ka maikutlo a hore ntho e fetoha bonono eseng ka litšobotsi tsa eona tsa mantlha empa ka ho beoa ha eona ka har'a moralo oa sechaba le setso o e amohelang joalo. Khopolo ena e susumelitse haholo puisano ea mehleng ena mabapi le ontology ea bonono.
Phenomenology le Hermeneutics
Ho tšoana le botle ba tlhahlobo, filosofi ea k'honthinente le eona e entse menehelo e kholo tšimong. Litsebi tsa liketsahalo tse kang Maurice Merleau-Ponty li hlalositse tlhaho e kentsoeng ea boiphihlelo ba botle. Bonono, ho bona, e ne e le mokhoa oa ho senola lefats'e ka leruo le rarahaneng la lona ka botlalo, ho hohela moshebelli puisanong e fetang pono feela.
Hermeneutics, haholo-holo ka mosebetsi oa Hans-Georg Gadamer, e hatelletse tlhaho ea tlhaloso ea bonono. Bukeng ea "Truth and Method," Gadamer o ile a pheha khang ea hore ho utloisisa bonono ho kenyelletsa ho kopanngoa ha pono pakeng tsa bonono le moshebelli. Ketso ena ea tlhaloso e fetoha ebile e thehiloe nalaneng, e phephetsa khopolo ea meelelo e tsitsitseng bononong.
Postmodernism le Deconstruction
Filosofi ea morao-rao e tlisitse lipelaelo mabapi le lipale tse kholo le linnete tse felletseng, e leng se ileng sa ama botle ka ho teba. Ho qhaqha ha Jacques Derrida ho belaella likhanyetsano tsa binary tse tšehetsang khopolo-taba ea botle ba setso, joalo ka sebopeho khahlanong le litaba kapa bonono bo phahameng khahlanong le bo tlase. Botle ba morao-rao bo keteka bongata, karohano, le ho sotha melao e thehiloeng.
Jean-François Lyotard, bukeng ea “The Postmodern Condition,” o hlalositse ho se tšepe lipale tse ling, a buella hore ho ananeloe mefuta e fapaneng le e sa fellang bononong. Pono ena e tsamaellana le mekhatlo ea mehleng ena e batlang ho etsa hore bonono bo be le demokrasi, e amohelang mantsoe le liphihlelo tse fapaneng tse atisang ho qheleloa ka thoko lipaleng tsa bolumeli.
fihlela qeto e
Tlhahlobo ea filosofi ea bonono le botle ke tšimo e ruileng, e nang le mahlakore a mangata e ntseng e fetoha khafetsa. Ho tloha likhopolo-taba tsa Greece ea Boholo-holo ho ea ho lipotso tse rarahaneng, tseo hangata li iqapetsoeng tsa postmodernism, filosofi e fana ka temohisiso e tebileng mabapi le kamoo re bōpang, re hlalosang le ho ananela bonono kateng. Lipuisano tsena ha li ntlafatse feela kananelo ea rona ea boiteko ba bonono empa hape li tebisa kutloisiso ea rona ea kutloisiso ea batho, maikutlo le setso. Ha re ntse re tsoela pele, puisano pakeng tsa bonono le filosofi ntle ho pelaelo e tla tsoela pele ho tsosa, ho phephetsa le ho khothatsa.
