Tlhaloso le Mefuta ea Metallurgy ea ho Ntša Lintho Tse Etsoang
Ho ntsha tšepe ke lekala la boenjiniere ba tšepe le kenyeletsang mekhoa ea ho ntša litšepe mehlolong ea tsona ea tlhaho ea liminerale. Mekhoa ena e rarahane ebile e na le mahlakore a mangata, e leng se hlokang kutloisiso ea k'hemistri, thermodynamics le saense ea thepa. Ho ntsha tšepe ho ka aroloa ka mekhahlelo e 'maloa, ho qala ka ho epolloa ha lejoe ho ea ho hloekiseng le ho hloekisa tšepe e ntšitsoeng. Ha motho a ntse a teba tšimong ena, hoa hlaka hore ho na le mekhoa le mekhoa e fapaneng e sebelisoang, e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e loketse mefuta e itseng ea litšepe le lihlahisoa tsa tšepe tse lakatsehang.
Metallurgy ea ho ntša lintho tse ling ke eng?
Ho ntsha tšepe ka ho ntša lintho ke saense le mokhoa oa ho arola litšepe ho tsoa litšepeng tsa tsona le ho li hloekisa ho ea boemong bo hloekileng. Tšimo ena e rarahaneng e kenyelletsa mehato e 'maloa ea motheo e fetolang liminerale tse tala, tse ntšitsoeng hore e be litšepe tsa bohlokoa, tse ka sebelisoang. Mekhoa ena e netefatsa hore litšepe tse ntšitsoeng li na le thepa e hlokahalang bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse itseng liindastering ho tloha kahong ho ea ho lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki esita le lifofaneng.
Tšimo ea metallurgy ea ho ntša metsi e ka aroloa ka ho khetheha ka makala a mararo a mantlha: pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, le electrometallurgy. Lekala ka leng le sebelisa melao-motheo le mekhoa e fapaneng ea saense, hangata e khethoa ke mofuta oa lejoe le tšepe e tla ntšoa.
Pyrometallurgy
Pyrometallurgy e sebelisa mekhoa ea mocheso o phahameng ho ntša le ho hloekisa litšepe. Tšimo ena e sebelisa matla a mocheso ho nolofatsa liphetoho tse fapaneng tsa lik'hemik'hale le tsa 'mele, e khothalletsa ho hlaphoheloa le ho ntlafatsa tšepe. Mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea pyrometallurgical e kenyelletsa ho besa, ho qhibilihisa le ho hloekisa.
Roasting
Ho besa ho kenyelletsa ho futhumatsa lejoe moo oksijene e leng teng, e thusang ho bolisa diminerale le ho lokolla dikarolo tse fetohang mouoane. Ts'ebetso ena hangata e fetola lejoe la sulfide hore e be di-oxide, tse ka fokotswang habonolo.
Ho qhibilihisa
Ho qhibilihisa ke mokhoa o qhibilihisang majwe ho arola dikahare tsa tshepe ho ditshila kapa gangue. Mokero, jwalo ka lejwe la mokoetla, hangata o eketswa ho tlamahana le ditshila ho etsa slag, e ka tloswang, mme ha sala tshepe e qhibilihisitsweng.
Ho hlakisa
Ho hlwekisa ka hara pyrometallurgy ho kenyelletsa mekgwa e meng ya ho futhumatsa ho hlwekisa ditshipi. Mohlala, tabeng ya koporo, koporo ya blister e fumanwang ka ho qhibilihisa e hlwekiswa hape ka ontong ho tlosa ditshila tse setseng le ho fihlella maemo a hodimo a bohloeki.
Hydrometallurgy
Hydrometallurgy e kenyelletsa k'hemistri ea metsi bakeng sa ho ntša litšepe ho tsoa litšepeng le li-concentrate. E na le thuso haholo-holo bakeng sa litšepe tsa maemo a tlase 'me e kenyelletsa lits'ebetso tse tharo tse kholo: ho ntša metsi, ho bokella/ho hloekisa tharollo, le ho khutlisa tšepe.
Leaching
Ho ntsha leaching ke mokhoa oa ho sebelisa litharollo tsa metsi, tse tsejoang e le li-leachate, ho qhala liminerale tse lakatsehang ho tsoa lerōleng. Lintho tse tloaelehileng tse ntšang leaching li kenyelletsa li-acid, li-base le letsoai. Mohlala, ho ntsha leaching ea cyanide ho sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa ho ntša khauta, ha sulfuric acid e atisa ho sebelisoa bakeng sa ho ntsha leaching ea koporo.
Ho Tsepamisa Maikutlo le Tlhoekiso ea Tharollo
Kamora ho ntsha metsi, tharollo e hlahang hangata e na le motswako wa ditshila tse qhibilihisitsweng le ditshila. Mekhoa e kang ho ntsha di-solvent, phapanyetsano ya di-ion le pula e sebediswa ho tsepamisa le ho hlwekisa tshepe e lakatsehang motswakong.
Metal Recovery
Mohato oa ho qetela oa hydrometallurgy o kenyelletsa ho fumana tšepe e hloekileng ho tsoa tharollong e hloekisitsoeng. Mekhoa e kang ho hapa ka motlakase, ho tiisa, kapa ho fokotsa lik'hemik'hale hangata e sebelisoa mohatong ona. Mohlala, tabeng ea koporo, ho hapa ka motlakase ho kenyelletsa ho fetisa motlakase o tobileng ka tharollo e nang le koporo ho kenya koporo e hloekileng holim'a lipoleiti tsa cathode.
Electrometallurgy
Electrometallurgy e kenyelletsa lits'ebetso moo matla a motlakase a sebelisoang ho nolofatsa phokotso ea li-ion tsa tšepe le karohano ea tsona ho li-ore. Mekhoa e 'meli e meholo sehlopheng sena ke ho hloekisa ka motlakase le ho hapa ka motlakase.
Electrorefining
Ho hlwekisa ka motlakase ho kenyeletsa ho hlwekisa di-anode tsa tshepe tse sa hlwekang ka hara sele ya electrolytic. Anode e sa hlwekang e qhalana ka hara tharollo ya electrolyte, ha tshepe e hlwekileng e dula hodima cathode. Tshebetso ena e sebediswa haholo ho hlwekiseng koporo, nickel le loto.
Motlakase
Ho hapa ka motlakase ho tshwana le ho hlwekisa ka motlakase empa ho shebane le ho ntsha ditshipi ditharollong tse fumanweng ditshebetsong tsa ho ntsha metsi. Tshebediso ya motlakase e thusa ho kgutlisa le ho beha tshepe e hlwekileng hodima cathode.
Mekhoa e Khethehileng
Leha makala a boletsoeng ka holimo a akaretsa mefuta e mengata ea metallurgy ea ho ntša tšepe, mekhoa e ikhethileng hangata e kopanya likarolo tse tsoang mekhoeng ena ea setso ho ntlafatsa ho ntša tšepe.
Bioleaching
Bioleaching, e leng sehlopha sa hydrometallurgy, e sebelisa likokoana-hloko ho ntša litšepe ho tsoa litšepeng. Mokhoa ona o sireletsang tikoloho o sebetsa haholo bakeng sa ho ntša litšepe tse kang koporo le khauta ho tsoa litšepeng tse tlaase.
Ho Oxidation ea Khatello (POX)
Ho qhibilihisa kgatello ke tshebetso ya kgatello e phahameng, e nang le mocheso o phahameng e sebediswang ho hydrometallurgy ho qhibilihisa majwe a hanang, e leng se etsang hore tshepe e be bonolo ho e sebedisa mekgweng ya setso ya ho ntsha.
Likopo le Liphello
Ho ntsha tšepe ho bohlokwa tlhahisong ya mefuta e mengata ya ditshipi tse bohlokwa theknolojing ya sejwalejwale le meralo ya motheo. Tshebediso ya yona e akaretsa diindasteri tse ngata:
– Koporo: E sebelisoa ho kenya lithapo tsa motlakase le liphaephe.
– Khauta: E bohlokoa haholo ho tsa elektroniki le e le letlotlo la lichelete.
– Aluminium: E bohlokoa haholo lefapheng la lifofane, liphutheloana le lipalangoang.
– Tšepe le Tšepe: Tsa bohlokoa kahong, likoloing le mechineng e boima.
Bohlokoa ba thuto ena bo ke ke ba feteletsoa, kaha litšepe li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa moruong oa lefats'e. Tsoelo-pele ea ho ntša tšepe e boetse e kenya letsoho mekhoeng ea merafo e sebetsang hantle le e tsitsitseng, e fokotsang mesaletsa ea tikoloho e amanang le tlhahiso ea tšepe.
fihlela qeto e
Bongaka ba tšepe bo eme e le lejwe la motheo la saense ya thepa, bo kwala lekhalo pakeng tsa mehlodi ya diminerale tse tala le dimethale tse hlwekileng haholo tse batlwang ke indasteri ya sejwalejwale. Ka makala a yona a fapaneng - pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, le electrometallurgy - e fana ka mekgwa e felletseng ya ho ntsha le ho ntlafatsa dimethale ho tswa ho diminerale. Mokgwa le mokgwa o mong le o mong ka hara tshimo ena o etseditswe ho sebetsana le diphephetso tse itseng tse bakwang ke mefuta e fapaneng ya diminerale le boleng bo lakatsehang ba tshepe. Ha theknoloji e ntse e tswela pele, maano le bokgoni ba bongaka ba tšepe bo etswang, bo tshehetsang tlhoko e tswelang pele ya thepa e tswetseng pele sebakeng sa diindasteri se ntseng se fetoha.
