Tlhophiso ea Liminerale tse Thehiloeng ho Sebopeho sa Lik'hemik'hale
Liminerale, lintho tse tiileng tse hlahang ka tlhaho, tse sa pheleng tse etsang mafika, li arotsoe ka litsela tse fapaneng ho latela thepa ea tsona. Mokhoa o mong oa motheo oa ho arola liminerale tsena ka lihlopha ke ka metsoako ea tsona ea lik'hemik'hale. Mokhoa ona o amoheloa haholo lefapheng la mineralogy hobane o fana ka temohisiso ea bohlokoa mabapi le qaleho ea liminerale, thepa le ts'ebeliso e ka bang teng. Ka ho utloisisa metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale, motho a ka fumana temohisiso e tebileng ka sebopeho le boitšoaro ba liminerale. Sehloohong sena, re tla hlahloba lihlopha tse ka sehloohong tsa liminerale ho latela metsoako ea tsona ea lik'hemik'hale, re bonts'a mefuta-futa le ho rarahana hoo limakatso tsena tsa tlhaho li fanang ka hona.
1. Li-silike
Sebopeho le Sebopeho
Li-silicate ke sehlopha se seholo ka ho fetisisa le sa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa sa liminerale, se etsang hoo e ka bang 90% ea bokaholimo ba Lefatše. Motheo oa motheo oa li-silicate ke tetrahedron ea silicon-oxygen (SiO₄)⁴⁻, moo athomo ea silicon e leng bohareng 'me e hokahantsoe le liathomo tse 'ne tsa oksijene ka tokisetso ea tetrahedral. Tetrahedron e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea SiO₄ e ka kopana ka litsela tse fapaneng, e leng se lebisang ho lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa silicate.
Lihlopha tse nyenyane tsa Silicate
– Nesosilicates: Tetrahedra e ikemetseng ya SiO₄ e hokahantsweng ke di-cation. Mohlala: Olivine.
– Sorosilicates: Tetrahedra tse pedi tsa SiO₄ tse arolelanang athomo e le 'ngoe ea oksijene. Mohlala: Epidote.
– Di-cyclosilicates: Dibopeho tsa lesale tse bopilweng ke SiO₄ tetrahedra. Mohlala: Beryl.
– Li-inosilicates: Liketane tse le 'ngoe kapa tse peli tsa SiO₄ tetrahedra. Mohlala: Li-pyroxene (ketane e le 'ngoe), Li-Amphibole (ketane e habeli).
– Li-phyllosilicates: Meaho e kang lakane e entsoeng ke SiO₄ tetrahedra. Mohlala: Micas.
– Di-tectosilicates: Diforeimi tsa mahlakore a mararo tsa SiO₄ tetrahedra. Mohlala: Quartz, Feldspar.
Bohlokoa le Lisebelisoa
Li-silicate li bohlokoa haholo lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa jeoloji le tsa indasteri. Quartz le feldspar ke likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa mafika a igneous. Li-mica li sebelisoa lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, ha liminerale tse kang talc le kaolinite li le bohlokoa indastering ea litlolo le ea pampiri.
2. Dikhabonete
Sebopeho le Sebopeho
Dikhabonete di na le ion ya carbonate (CO₃)²⁻. Diminerale tsena di bopjwa haholo-holo ka ditsamaiso tsa sedimentary, haholoholo ka lebaka la ho bokellana ha dikhetla le masapo a diphedi tsa lewatle. Yuniti ya sebopeho sa dikhabonete e bopilwe ke athomo e bohareng ya carbon e pota-potiloeng ke diathomo tse tharo tsa oksijene ka sebopeho se planar.
Liminerale tsa Bohlokoa tsa Carbonate
– Calcite (CaCO₃): Diminerale e tsebahalang haholo ea carbonate, e etsang lejoe la mokoetla le 'mabole.
– Dolomite (CaMg(CO₃)₂): E tšoana le calcite empa e na le magnesium.
– Aragonite (CaCO₃): Foromo e tšoanang ea lik'hemik'hale le calcite empa e na le sebopeho se fapaneng sa kristale.
Bohlokoa le Lisebelisoa
Dikhabonete di bapala karolo ya bohlokwa potolohong ya khabone mme ke matlo a bohlokwa a polokelo ya khabone e tjhesang. Moruong, di sebediswa kahong (ka lejwe la mokoetla le mmabole), tlhahisong ya kalaka (calcium oxide), le e le thepa e tala tlhahisong ya samente.
3. Di-oxide
Sebopeho le Sebopeho
Liminerale tsa oxide li entsoe ka liathomo tsa oksijene tse hokahaneng le ioni e le 'ngoe kapa tse 'maloa tsa tšepe. Hangata li thehoa ka ho oxidation ea likarolo tsa tšepe kapa ho tsoa phetohong ea hydrothermal ea liminerale tse ling.
Liminerale tsa Key Oxide
– Hematite (Fe₂O₃): Lejoe la tšepe la bohlokoa le 'mala o mofubelu o moholo.
– Magnetite (Fe₃O₄): Lejoe la tšepe le tsebahalang ka thepa ea lona ea makenete.
– Corundum (Al₂O₃): E sebediswa e le ntho e kgopamisang le indastering ya majwe a bohlokwa (ruby le safire).
Bohlokoa le Lisebelisoa
Li-oxide li bohlokoa moruong e le liminerale tsa tšepe bakeng sa ho ntša tšepe. Mohlala, hematite le magnetite ke mehloli e meholo ea tšepe. Corundum e bohlokoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa indasteri (joalo ka ntho e khorofolang) le mabenyaneng.
4. Li-sulfate
Sebopeho le Sebopeho
Liminerale tsa sulfate li na le anion ea sulfate (SO₄)²⁻. Liminerale tsena hangata li thehoa ka ho fetoha mouoane ha metsi libakeng tse omeletseng, e leng se lebisang ho putlameng ha metsoako e nang le sulfate e ngata.
Liminerale tsa Bohlokoa tsa Sulfate
– Gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O): E sebelisoa haholo indastering ea kaho bakeng sa plaster le drywall.
– Anhydrite (CaSO₄): E tšoana le gypsum empa e se na metsi.
Bohlokoa le Lisebelisoa
Gypsum e bohlokoa haholo kahong, temong (phekolong ea mobu), le tlhahisong ea plaster ea Paris. Anhydrite e sebelisoa ka tsela e tšoanang, leha ts'ebeliso ea eona e sa fapane hanyane ka lebaka la tlhaho ea eona ea ho hloka metsi.
5. Li-halide
Sebopeho le Sebopeho
Liminerale tsa halide li na le likarolo tsa halogen (joalo ka chlorine, fluorine) tse hokahaneng le mefuta e fapaneng ea li-cation. Tsena hangata li hlaha libakeng tsa mouoane 'me hangata li fumanoa libakeng tse nang le sedimentary.
Liminerale tsa Bohlokoa tsa Halide
– Halite (NaCl): E tsebahala haholo e le letsoai la majoe, e bohlokoa bakeng sa polokelo ea lijo le indasteri ea lik'hemik'hale.
– Fluorite (CaF₂): E sebediswa ditshebetsong tsa indasteri, ho kenyeletswa le tlhahiso ya asiti ya hydrofluoric le e le phallo ya ho etsa tshepe.
Bohlokoa le Lisebelisoa
Li-halide lia hlokahala indastering le bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Halite ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa tšebeliso ea batho le e le sesebelisoa sa ho tlosa serame. Fluorite ke ea bohlokoa tlhahisong ea lik'hemik'hale le metallurgy.
6. Li-sulfide
Sebopeho le Sebopeho
Liminerale tsa sulfide li entsoe ka sebabole se kopantsoeng le litšepe le litšepe tse ka bang halofo. Li thehoa haholo-holo methapong ea hydrothermal, lipositing tsa moea tse tsoang sedimentary, le joalo ka liminerale tsa libaka lits'ebetsong tsa igneous.
Liminerale tsa Bohlokoa tsa Sulfide
– Galena (PbS): Mohloli o ka sehloohong oa loto.
– Pyrite (FeS₂): Hangata e bitsoa "khauta ea leoatla," e bohlokoa bakeng sa liindasteri tsa sebabole le tšepe.
– Chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂): Lejoe la bohlokoa la koporo.
Bohlokoa le Lisebelisoa
Li-sulfide ke liminerale tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ntša litšepe tse kang loto, koporo, zinki le nikeli. Li boetse li bohlokoa bakeng sa tlhahiso ea sulfuric acid le lik'hemik'hale tse ling tsa indasteri.
fihlela qeto e
Ho hlophisoa ha diminerale ho itshetlehile ka sebopeho sa dikhemikhale ho senola mefutafuta e makatsang le ho rarahana ho teng thutong ya lefatshe. Ka ho utlwisisa tlhaho ya dikhemikhale tsa diminerale, re ka ananela tshimoloho ya tsona, thepa le tshebediso e mengata boitekong ba batho. Ho tloha ho di-silicate tse atileng hohle tse bopang lekoko ho isa ho di-sulfide le di-oxide tsa bohlokwa moruong, sehlopha se seng le se seng se emela kgaolo e ikgethang paleng ya thuto ya lefatshe. Tlhophiso ena ha e sebeletse merero ya thuto feela empa e boetse e na le ditlamorao tse tebileng merafong, ditsamaisong tsa diindasteri, saenseng ya tikoloho, le tse ding.
