Khopolo-taba ea Tectonics ea Plate ho Jeokrafi
Pendahuluan
Jeokrafi ke thuto ea Lefatše, ho kenyeletsoa liketsahalo tsa tlhaho le likamano lipakeng tsa batho le tikoloho. E 'ngoe ea likhopolo-taba tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa jeokrafing ea 'mele ke khopolo-taba ea li-tectonic tsa poleiti. Khopolo-taba ena e fana ka tlhaloso e felletseng ea matla a bokaholimo ba Lefatše, a fetohang kamehla ka lebaka la motsamao oa lipoleiti tse etsang bokaholimo ba Lefatše. Sehlooho sena se tla hlalosa likhopolo-taba tsa motheo tsa khopolo-taba ea li-tectonic tsa poleiti, nalane ea nts'etsopele ea eona, mefuta ea meeli ea lipoleiti, mekhoa ea motsamao, le tšusumetso ea eona jeokrafing le bophelong Lefatšeng.
Histori ea Ntšetso-pele ea Khopolo-taba ea Tectonic ea Plate
Khopolo-taba ea li-tectonic tsa poleiti ke nts'etsopele ea khopolo-taba ea ho kheloha ha k'honthinente, e ileng ea hlahisoa ka lekhetlo la pele ke Alfred Wegener mathoasong a lekholo la bo20 la lilemo. Wegener o ile a etsa tlhahiso ea hore lik'honthinente tsa kajeno qalong e ne e le karolo ea k'honthinente e le 'ngoe e kholo e tsejoang e le Pangaea. K'honthinente ena e kholo e ile ea qala ho qhaqhoa 'me likarolo tsa eona tsa kheloha. Le hoja khopolo eo e ne e ipiletsa, Wegener o ne a sitoa ho hlalosa mekhoa e bakileng ho kheloha ha k'honthinente, 'me khopolo-taba ea hae e ne e sa amoheloe haholo ka nako eo.
E bile feela lilemong tsa bo-1960 moo bopaki bo tsoang mafapheng a fapaneng, joalo ka geophysics, oceanographie le paleontology, bo ileng ba qala ho tšehetsa mohopolo oa ho kheloha ha k'honthinente. Kahoo, khopolo-taba ea li-tectonic tsa poleiti e ile ea hlaha, e kopanya lintho tsena tsa bohlokoa tse sibolotsoeng. Lipatlisiso li senotse hore karolo e ka holimo ea Lefatše e na le lipoleiti tse 'maloa tse kholo le tse nyane tse tsamaeang holim'a lera le se nang mokelikeli ka har'a Lefatše le tsejoang e le asthenosphere.
Mehopolo ea Motheo ea Khopolo-taba ea Tectonic ea Plate
Khopolo-taba ea li-tectonic tsa poleiti e hlalosa hore karolo e ka holimo ea Lefatše (lithosphere) e arotsoe ka lipoleiti tse ngata tse tsamaeang kamehla. Karolo e ka holimo ea lefatše e na le mefuta e 'meli ea karolo e ka holimo: karolo e teteaneng empa e bobebe ea kontinente, le karolo e ka holimo ea leoatle e tšesaane empa e teteaneng. Karolo ena ea lefatše e phaphamala holim'a asthenosphere e chesang le e metsi haholoanyane.
Ho na le mefuta e meraro e meholo ea meeli ea lipoleiti moo lipoleiti tsa tectonic li sebelisanang teng: meeli e fapaneng, meeli e kopaneng, le meeli ea phetoho. Mofuta o mong le o mong oa moeli o na le litšobotsi tse ikhethang tsa jeoloji le liketsahalo tsa tlhaho.
1. Moeli o Fapaneng
Meeling e fapaneng, lipoleiti lia sutha. Ketsahalo ena hangata e fumanoa fatše leoatleng ka mokhoa oa marokho a bohareng ba leoatle. Haufi le marokho ana, magma e tsoang asthenosphere e nyolohela holimo, e etsa lekhalo le lecha la leoatle. Mohlala o tsebahalang haholo ke Mid-Atlantic Ridge Leoatleng la Atlantic. Mesebetsi ea seretse se chesang le litšisinyeho tsa lefatše li atile sebakeng sena.
2. Moeli o Fetolanang
Meeling e kopaneng, lipoleiti lia tsamaellana 'me li ka feta mefuteng e meraro ea likamano: ho kenella, ho thulana, kapa ho koalloa. Libakeng tse ka tlas'a ho koalloa, poleiti e teteaneng ea leoatle e qoela ka tlas'a poleiti ea kontinente. Tšebelisano ena e ka baka ts'ebetso ea seretse se chesang le litšisinyeho tse matla tsa lefatše, joalo ka ha ho bonoa ho Pacific Ring of Fire. Libakeng tse ka thulanang, lipoleiti tse peli tsa kontinente lia kopana, li etsa mokoloko oa lithaba, joalo ka Himalaya, tse tsoelang pele ho hola ka lebaka la ho thulana ha lipoleiti tsa Indo-Australian le Eurasia. Libakeng tse ka thibeloang, likarolo tsa lekhapetla la leoatle lia phahamisoa 'me li behoa holim'a lekhapetla la kontinente, leha sena se sa tloaeleha hakaalo.
3. Meeli ea Phetoho
Meeling ea phetoho, lipoleiti li tsamaea ka ho rapama. Ho sisinyeha hona ha ho felle ka ho thehoa ha lipoleiti kapa timetso, empa hangata ho baka litšisinyeho tsa lefatše. Mohlala o tsebahalang oa moeli oa phetoho ke San Andreas Fault e California, moo lipoleiti tsa Pacific le tsa Amerika Leboea li thellang ka ho rapama.
Mokhoa oa ho Tsamaea ha Lipoleiti
Ho thehoa, ho sisinyeha le ho senngoa ha lipoleiti tsa tectonic ho susumetsoa ke mocheso oa ka hare oa Lefatše, o simolohang tšebetsong ea mahlaseli a kotsi ka har'a khubu ea Lefatše. Ho lumeloa hore mekhoa e 'maloa ea mantlha e susumetsa motsamao oa lipoleiti, ho kenyeletsoa le maqhubu a convection, ho hula lipoleiti le ho sutumelletsa ridge.
1. Metsi a Konkreite
Ka hare ho asthenosphere, mocheso o tswang botebong ba Lefatshe o etsa hore thepa e chesang e nyolohe mme thepa e phodise ho teba ka mokgwa wa potoloho o tsejwang ka hore ke maqhubu a convection. Maqhubu ana a convection a sebetsa jwalo ka mabanta a tsamaisang dipoleiti tsa lithospheric ka hodima tsona.
2. Ho hula poleiti
Poleiti ea leoatle e theohelang tlaase e tla hula ka morao ho poleiti ka mokhoa o tsejoang e le plate drag. Hobane poleiti ea leoatle e boima, e tla teba ka har'a asthenosphere, e hule poleiti eohle ka eona.
3. Tsela ea ho Tsamaea ka Leralla
Meeling e fapaneng, thepa e ncha e nyolohang ho tloha asthenosphere e sutumelletsa lipoleiti ka mahlakoreng a fapaneng ts'ebetsong e bitsoang ridge thrusting. Khatello e tsoang ho magma e nyolohang e etsa hore lipoleiti li sutumelle ka thoko.
Tšusumetso ea Li-tectonic tsa Plate ho Jeokrafi le Bophelo
Khopolo-taba ea li-tectonic tsa poleiti e bile le tšusumetso e kholo kutloisisong ea rona ea jeokrafi ea 'mele ea Lefatše le jeoloji. Mosebetsi meeling ea li-tectonic poleiti o bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho bopeng sebaka sa Lefatše, ho theheng libaka tse ncha tsa naha, le ho susumetsa boemo ba leholimo le libaka tsa bolulo tsa lintho tse phelang libakeng tse fapaneng.
1. Ho Theha Sebaka sa Naha
Mosebetsi oa tectonic oa poleiti o ikarabella bakeng sa ho thehoa ha lithaba , lihlaba, likhohlo le mabopo a leoatle. Mohlala, Himalaya e thehiloe ka lebaka la ho thulana ha lipoleiti tsa Indo-Australia le tsa Eurasia. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, likhohlo tse kholo tse kang Great Rift Valley Afrika Bochabela li ile tsa thehoa ha lipoleiti li ntse li arohana meeling e fapaneng.
2. Litšisinyeho tsa Lefatše le ho Foqoha ha Seretse se Chesang
Libakeng tse haufi le meeli ea lipoleiti, tse kang Pacific Ring of Fire, litšisinyeho tsa lefatše le ho phatloha ha seretse se chesang ke liketsahalo tse tloaelehileng. Tšisinyeho ena ea lefatše ha e fetole feela bokaholimo ba Lefatše empa e boetse e na le tšusumetso e kholo ho baahi ba lulang libakeng tsena tse kotsing ea likoluoa.
3. Mefuta-futa ea Liphedi le Tsoelo-pele
Ho tsamaea ha lipoleiti tsa tectonic ho boetse ho bopa maemo a leholimo le tikoloho, tse ikarabellang bakeng sa kabo ea mefuta-futa ea lintho tse phelang Lefatšeng. Ha lik'honthinente li ntse li tsamaea, li tsamaea le limela le liphoofolo tse ikamahanyang le maemo a macha, ka hona li potlakisa ts'ebetso ea ho iphetola ha lintho. Mohlala, ho ikarola ha k'honthinente ea Australia ho lumelletse nts'etsopele ea mefuta e ikhethang e sa fumaneheng kae kapa kae.
Qetello
Khopolo-taba ea li-tectonic tsa lipoleiti ke mohopolo oa bohlokoa jeokrafing, o hlalosang liketsahalo tse ngata tsa tlhaho tse etsahalang holim'a Lefatše. Ho tloha ho thehoeng ha lithaba ho isa litšisinyehong tsa lefatše le ho phatloha ha seretse se chesang, motsamao oa lipoleiti tsa li-tectonic o na le tšusumetso e kholo jeokrafing ea 'mele, jeokrafi le bophelo Lefatšeng. Ho utloisisa mekhoa ea metsamao ena ea lipoleiti ho re thusa ho utloisisa hamolemo matla a Lefatše le ho fokotsa likoluoa tsa tlhaho tseo li li bakang. Ka ho tsoela pele ho tebisa thuto ea rona ea khopolo-taba ena, re ka ba le tsebo e eketsehileng mabapi le ho rera nts'etsopele le ho boloka tikoloho bakeng sa meloko e tlang.
