Mehopolo ea Motheo ea Khopolo-taba ea Likhoele
Khopolo-taba ea likhoele ke lekala la fisiks ea khopolo-taba le lekang ho hlalosa tlhaho ea motheo ea bokahohle ka ho hlahisa khopolo ea hore likaroloana tsa motheo ha se lintlha, empa ke lintho tse nang le tekanyo e le 'ngoe tse bitsoang "likhoele." Khopolo-taba ena ke e 'ngoe ea boiteko bo matla ka ho fetisisa fisiks ea ho kopanya likamano tsohle tsa motheo tse tsejoang - ho kenyeletsoa le matla a khoheli - ka moralo o le mong, o tsitsitseng oa khopolo-taba. Sehlooho sena se tla hlalosa likhopolo tsa motheo tsa khopolo-taba ea likhoele, kamoo e ileng ea ntlafala kateng, le litlamorao tsa eona fisiks ea sejoale-joale.
Semelo se Khutšoanyane
Khopolo-taba ea likaroloana tsa motheo fisiks ea khale e hlalosoa e le lintho tse se nang tekanyo kapa "lintlha." Mechanics ea quantum le khopolo-taba e akaretsang ea kamano li hlalositse likarolo tse itseng tsa bokahohle ka katleho, empa mathata a hlaha ha li kopanngoa. E 'ngoe ea liphephetso tse kholo fisiks ke ho theha "Khopolo-taba ea Ntho e 'Ngoe le e 'Ngoe" (ToE) e ka hlalosang liketsahalo tsohle tsa tlhaho ka sete e le 'ngoe ea melao. Khopolo-taba ea likhoele e hlahile e le mokhethoa ea tšepisang ho koala sekheo sena.
Mehopolo ea Motheo ea Khopolo-taba ea Likhoele
Khopolo ea motheo ea khopolo-taba ea likhoele ke hore likaroloana tsa motheo ha se lintlha, empa ke likhoele tse nyane tse ka bang bolelele ba 10^-33 cm (tse nyane haholo ho feta kamoo re ka li bonang ka theknoloji ea hona joale). Likhoele tsena li ka thothomela ka litsela tse fapaneng, 'me ho thothomela hona ho fapaneng ho khetholla mofuta oa karoloana e hlahisoang. Ka hona, likaroloana tsohle bokahohleng li ka nkoa e le lipontšo tsa likhoele tse thothomelang ka mekhoa e itseng.
Mefuta ea Likhoele
Ho na le mefuta e 'meli e meholo ea likhoele khopolo-taba ea likhoele:
1. Khoele e Bulehileng: Khoele e nang le lipheletso tse lokolohileng.
2. Khoele e Koetsoeng: Khoele eo lipheletso tsa eona li hokahaneng ho etsa selikalikoe.
Mefuta ena e fapaneng ea ho thothomela ha likhoele e ka emela likaroloana tse fapaneng. Mohlala, li-photon, lielektrone, esita le li-graviton (likaroloana tse inahaneloang tse jereng matla a khoheli) li 'nile tsa hlahisoa e le ho thothomela ho ikhethang ha likhoele.
Litekanyo tse Eketsehileng
E 'ngoe ea likarolo tse khahlisang le tse tsosang khang ka ho fetisisa tsa khopolo-taba ea khoele ke kenyelletso ea litekanyo tse eketsehileng . Re phela lefatšeng le nang le litekanyo tse tharo tsa sebaka le tekanyo e le 'ngoe ea nako , kakaretso ea litekanyo tse 'ne sebakeng-nako. Leha ho le joalo, khopolo-taba ea khoele e hloka litekanyo tse fetang tse 'ne hore li lumellane ka lipalo. Khopolo-taba e bonolo ka ho fetisisa ea khoele e hloka kakaretso ea litekanyo tse 10, ha liphetolelo tse rarahaneng haholoanyane, joalo ka khopolo-taba ea M, li hloka 11. Sena se hlahisa potso: litekanyo tsena tse eketsehileng li ea hokae?
Tlhaloso e sisintsweng ke hore litekanyo tsena di "patilwe" ditekanyong tse nyane haholo, di nyane haholo hore di ka bonwa ka ho toba. Ts'ebetso ena e tsejwa e le ho kopanngwa. Mohlala o mong o tsebahalang wa ho kopanngwa ke sebaka sa Calabi-Yau, se dumellang ditekanyo tsena tse eketsehileng ho bopjwa le ho hokahanngwa ka hara sebopeho se rarahaneng empa se kopane sa dipalo.
Likhoele tse Kholo le Tšebelisano-'moho e Kholo
E 'ngoe ea lintlafatso tse kholo khopolo-taba ea khoele e bile ho kenyelletsoa ha supersymmetry, e leng se ileng sa hlahisa khopolo-taba ea superstring. Supersymmetry ke molao-motheo oa hore karoloana e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea boson (e jereng matla) e na le molekane oa fermion (e jereng lintho), 'me ka tsela e fapaneng. Supersymmetry ha e so bonoe ka liteko, empa e nkoa e le e khahlisang hobane e ka rarolla mathata a 'maloa fisiks ea likaroloana , joalo ka tatellano ea boima le botsitso ba lipalo.
Khopolo-taba ea Superstring e hloka supersymmetry hore khopolo-taba e lumellane. Sena se re lebisa mefuteng e mehlano e fapaneng ea khopolo-taba ea superstring:
1. Mofuta oa I
2. Mofuta oa IIA
3. Mofuta oa IIB
4. Heterotic-O
5. Heterotic-E
E 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea likhopolo tsena tse hlano e beha likhoele ka sebopeho se fapaneng hanyane 'me e na le mokhoa o ikhethang oa ho li kopanya.
Duality le M-Theory
Leha ho na le likhopolo tse hlano tse fapaneng tsa superstring, ho sibolloa ha duality ho bolela hore likhopolo tsena tse hlano tsa superstring e ka ba lipontšo tse fapaneng tsa khopolo-taba e 'ngoe ea motheo, e bitsoang M-Theory. Duality e hlalosa boemo moo likhopolo tse peli tse bonahalang li fapane e leng tlhaloso e tšoanang tlas'a maemo a fapaneng. Mohlala, T-duality e hokahanya mofuta oa IIA le mofuta oa IIB, 'me S-duality e hokahanya mofuta oa I le heterotic.
Khopolo-taba ea M e ntse e ntse e ntlafatsoa 'me ke sebaka se mafolofolo sa lipatlisiso fisiks ea khopolo-taba. E fana ka litekanyo tse 11 tsa sebaka-nako 'me e eketsa lintho tse nang le litekanyo tse phahameng tse tsejoang e le li-membrane kapa "branes" ho phaella ho likhoele.
Litlamorao ho Fisiks
Litlamorao tsa khopolo-taba ea khoele, haeba li pakoa li nepahetse, li kholo haholo. Taba ea pele, e ka kopanya matla a khoheli le mechine ea quantum ka moralo o le mong, o tsitsitseng, e leng ntho eo fisiks ea hona joale e so e finyelle. E boetse e na le bokhoni ba ho bula tsela bakeng sa kutloisiso e tebileng ea bokahohle, haholo-holo moelelong oa Big Bang le li-singularity tsa lesoba le letšo.
Ho phaella moo, khopolo-taba ea khoele e ka rarolla mathata a fapaneng fisiks ea likaroloana , ho kenyeletsoa bothata ba tatellano ea bongata le bothata bo sa feleng ba bokahohle. Leha ho ntse ho e-na le tlhahlobo le lipelaelo tse ngata, haholo-holo ka lebaka la khaello ea bopaki bo tobileng ba liteko, khopolo-taba ea khoele e ntse e le e 'ngoe ea libaka tse thabisang ka ho fetisisa tsa lipatlisiso fisiks.
Liphephetso le ho nyatsuoa
Khopolo-taba ea likhoele e tobane le liphephetso le litlhahlobo tse 'maloa. Tlhahlobo e 'ngoe e kholo ke ho hloka likhakanyo tse ka netefatsoang ka liteko. Litekanyo tsa matla tseo litlamorao tsa khopolo-taba ea likhoele li bang bohlokoa ho tsona li hole haholo le theknoloji ea hona joale ea liteko. Ho feta moo, ho na le litharollo tse ngata tse ka khonehang tsa ho kopanya litekanyo tse ling, e leng se fellang ka sebaka se seholo haholo sa khopolo-taba ea likhoele, e leng se etsang hore likhakanyo tse ka lekoang li be thata le ho feta.
Ka kakaretso, khopolo-taba ea likhoele ke boiteko bo matla ba ho kopanya melao eohle ea bokahohle ka har'a moralo o le mong, o motle le o tsitsitseng. Le hoja bopaki ba liteko bo ntse bo haella, khopolo-taba ena e hlahisitse mehopolo e mengata e mecha le lisebelisoa tsa lipalo tse butse litsela tse ncha tsa ho hlahloba khopolo-taba. Bokamoso ba khopolo-taba ea likhoele le ts'ebeliso ea eona fisiks e ntse e le e 'ngoe ea lipotso tse kholo tse emetseng likarabo.
