Selelekela sa Melao e Tloaelehileng ea Boenjiniere ba Motlakase
Lefatšeng la motlakase le elektroniki, "likhoutu tse tloaelehileng" ke puo e arolelanoang e lumellang litsebi tsa theknoloji, baenjiniere, baithuti le litsebi tsa indasteri ho bala, ho rala, ho bokella le ho lokisa lipotoloho ka potlako le ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng. Likhoutu tsena tse tloaelehileng li akaretsa matšoao a likarolo (mohlala, li-resistor, li-capacitor, li-diode), mabitso a terminal le a tsela, matšoao a schematic, le litekanyetso tsa ho hokela le polokeho. Ntle le likhoutu tse tloaelehileng, sehlahisoa kapa potoloho ka 'ngoe e ka sebelisa mokhoa o fapaneng oa ho ngola, e leng se lebisang ho tlhaloso e fosahetseng, liphoso tsa ho kenya, esita le kotsi ea mollo kapa ho tšoha ha motlakase. Sengoloa sena se fana ka selelekela sa likhoutu tse tloaelehileng haholo lefapheng la motlakase, haholo-holo tse amanang le likarolo le litokomane tsa potoloho.
1. Ke Hobaneng ha Khoutu e Tloaelehileng e le ea Bohlokoa?
Khoutu e tloaelehileng e sebeletsa ho:
1. Ho qoba tlhaloso e fosahetseng: Mohlala, letšoao le itseng leboteng la morero le lokela ho bolela ntho e tšoanang libukeng tse fapaneng, lifekthering kapa linaheng tse fapaneng.
2. Potlakisa ho rarolla mathata: Litsebi li ka latela potoloho ka ho utloisisa mabitso, boleng le tataiso ea likarolo.
3. Ho netefatsa hore lia lumellana le boleng: Litekanyetso tse ngata li hlaha ka lebaka la tlhoko ea indasteri ea hore lihlahisoa li lekoe, li netefatsoe, 'me li hlahisoe ka bongata.
4. Eketsa polokeho: Melao ya mebala ya thapo, matshwao a fatshe, le dileibole tsa motlakase di bohlokwa ho thibela basebedisi ho etsa dikgokelo tse fosahetseng.
2. Matšoao a Tloaelehileng ho Likematiki (Matšoao a Sekematiki)
E 'ngoe ea mefuta ea motheo ea khoutu e tloaelehileng ke matšoao a likarolo ho li-schematics tsa potoloho. Litšupiso tse peli tse tloaelehileng tsa machaba ke IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) le ANSI/IEEE. Leha ho na le phapang mekhoeng ea ho taka (mohlala, letšoao la resistor la ANSI zigzag khahlanong le la IEC le khutlonnetsepa), moelelo o ntse o tšoana.
Mehlala e meng ea matšoao a tloaelehileng:
– Resistor: karolo e lekanyetsang ya hajwale; hangata e ngolwa “R1, R2, …”.
– Capacitor: polokelo ea tjhaja; e ngotsoeng “C1, C2, …”.
– Inductor: polokelo ea matla a makenete; “L1, L2, …”.
– Diode: karolo e le nngwe; “D1, D2, …”.
– Transistor: amplifier kapa switch; “Q1, Q2, …”.
– Mobu: referense ea zero volt; e ka ba “GND”, “Lefatše”, kapa letšoao le itseng.
Ho utloisisa matšoao ke mohato oa pele oa ho etsa hore ho bala ho be le morero o kang oa ho bala 'mapa: ho tseba tataiso ea hona joale, lintlha tsa litšupiso, le mosebetsi oa boloko ka bong ba potoloho.
3. Khoutu ea Litšupiso ea Likarolo (Moqapi oa Litšupiso)
Ho di-schematics kapa di-PCB, dikarolo di fuwa di-reference designators ho di etsa hore di fumanehe habonolo. Dipaterone tse tlwaelehileng di kenyeletsa:
– R : resistor (R1, R2)
– C: capacitor (C1, C2)
- L: inductor / inductor (L1, L2)
– D: diode (D1, D2)
– P: transistor (P1, P2)
– U/IC: potoloho e kopaneng (U1, U2 kapa IC1, IC2)
– T: transformer/transformer (T1)
– F: fuse (F1)
– SW/S: switjha/switjha (SW1)
– J/P: jeke/sehokelo le polaka/hlooho (J1, P1)
– K : relay (K1)
Khoutu ena e ka bonahala e le bonolo, empa e thusa haholo ha ho kopanngoa, ho hlahlojoa, kapa ho lokisoa. Mohlala, haeba bukana ea litaelo e re "hlahloba R15," setsebi se tseba hang-hang hore ke resistor nomoro ea 15 botong.
4. Khoutu ea Boleng ba Resistor: Khoutu ea 'Mala le Mongolo oa SMD
Li-resistor ke likarolo tse atisang ho sebelisa likhoutu tsa boleng.
a) Khoutu ea 'mala oa Resistor (lesoba le phunyeletsang)
Hangata li-resistors tsa axial li na le mabanta a mebala. Mabanta ana a bontša linomoro, bongata, le mamello. Mohlala o tloaelehileng:
– Sootho, Botsho, Bofubedu, Khauta
= 1, 0, ×100, mamello ±5%
= 1000 Ω (1 kΩ) ±5%
Ho mamella mebala le hona ho bohlokoa: khauta ± 5%, silevera ± 10%, ha ntle le sefaha hangata ho bolela ± 20% (ho latela moetsi).
b) Khoutu ea khanyetso ea SMD (chip ea khanyetso)
Hangata li-resistors tsa SMD li sebelisa likhoutu tsa linomoro:
– Dinomoro tse 3: dinomoro tse pedi tsa pele ke boleng ba bohlokwa, nomoro ya boraro ke palo e atisang.
Mohlala “472” = 47 × 10² = 4700 Ω (4,7 kΩ) .
– Dinomoro tse 4 (tse nepahetseng haholoanyane): dipalo tse tharo tsa bohlokwa + ho atisa.
Mohlala “1001” = 100 × 10¹ = 1000 Ω.
– Khoutu ea EIA-96: bakeng sa li-resistor tse nepahetseng tsa 1%, motsoako oa linomoro le litlhaku (mohlala, “49C”). Sena se hloka tafole ea litšupiso.
5. Khoutu ea Capacitor: Linomoro, Litlhaku le Liyuniti
Hangata di-capacitor di ferekanya hobane boleng ba tsona bo ka tloha ho tse nyane haholo (pF) ho isa ho tse kgolo (µF), mme matshwao a fapana.
a) Khoutu ea linomoro tse tharo
Hangata e sebelisoa ho li-capacitor tsa ceramic:
– “104” = 10 × 10⁴ pF = 100.000 pF = 100 nF (0,1 µF)
– “103” = 10 × 10³ pF = 10 nF
b) Mamello le khatello ea maikutlo mosebetsing
Hangata li-capacitor li kenyelletsa:
– Litlhaku tsa mamello (mohlala. J = ±5% , K = ±10% , M = ±20%)
– Motlakase o sebetsang (mohlala, 50V, 16V, 400V)
c) Polarity ea li-electrolyte
Li-capacitor tsa electrolytic li na le polarity (+ le –). Ka tloaelo, lehlakore le fosahetseng le tšoailoe ka mola, kapa leoto le lekhutšoanyane le tšoailoe e le le fosahetseng. Ho kenngoa ka mokhoa o fosahetseng ho ka baka ho chesa haholo, ho lutla, esita le ho phatloha.
6. Diode le Dikhoutu tsa LED: Ditaelo le Matshwao
Diode e na le di-terminal tse pedi: anode le cathode. Ho diode ya sebele, cathode hangata e tshwailwe ka lesale/mola. Ho ya ka sekema, tataiso ya diode e bontsha tataiso ya motlakase e tlwaelehileng.
Li-LED li boetse li na le polarity:
– Leoto le lelelele hangata ke anode (+)
– Karolo e bataletseng ea 'mele hangata ke lehlakore la cathode (–)
– Ho PCB, hangata ho ba le letshwao la “+” kapa sebopeho se itseng sa pad.
Ho lemoha dikhoutu tsena tsa tataiso ho bohlokwa hore potoloho e sebetse jwalo ka ha e reretswe, haholoholo bakeng sa di-rectifier, tshireletso ya polarity, le di-index.
7. Likhoutu tsa Transistor le IC: Mefuta, Li-pinout, le Maqephe a Boitsebiso
Li-transistors le li-IC li sebelisa likhoutu tsa mofuta (mohlala, BC547, 2N2222, IRFZ44N, LM358, NE555). Likhoutu tsena ha se mabitso feela; ke li-identifier tsa likarolo tse lokelang ho hlahlojoa leqepheng la data ho fumana:
– Pinout (tlhophiso ea leoto)
– Meeli ea motlakase/ea hona joale
– Litšobotsi tsa motlakase
– Sephutheloana (TO-92, SOT-23, DIP, SOIC, QFN, jj.)
Hangata liphoso li etsahala hobane li-transistors tse peli tse fapaneng li ka ba le libopeho tse tšoanang tsa 'mele empa li-pinout li fapane. Ka hona, mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa "bala khoutu ea karolo ebe u sheba leqephe la data" ke mokhoa oa profeshenale o tlamang.
8. Likhoutu tsa Cable le Terminal: Mebala, Li-Label le Fatše
Mehahong ea motlakase le liphanele tsa taolo, ho ngola mebala ea terata ho thusa ka polokeho le tlhokomelo. Mekhoa e ka fapana ho ea ka maemo/naha, empa molao-motheo ke ona:
– Ho na le karohano e hlakileng pakeng tsa mokgahlelo/bophelo, ho se nke lehlakore, le mobu/lefatše.
– Lithapo tsa fatše hangata li fuoa motsoako o motala-o mosehla maemong a mangata a machaba.
– Liphanele, li-terminal hangata li na le linomoro (mohlala, X1:1, X1:2) bakeng sa ho sala morao habonolo.
Ntle le mmala, leibole “L, N, PE (Lefatše le Sireletsang)” hangata e sebelisoa ho hlalosa mosebetsi oa thapo.
9. Maemo a Polokeho le Setifikeiti
Dikhoutu tse tloaelehileng tsa elektroniki le tsona di amana le polokeho, mohlala:
– IEC bakeng sa maemo a fapaneng a machaba
– UL (Underwriters Laboratories) bakeng sa setifikeiti sa polokeho ea sehlahisoa (tse ngata Amerika)
– SNI (Tekanyetso ea Naha ea Indonesia) bakeng sa ho latela melao Indonesia
Lisebelisoa tsa motlakase, mabitso a kang motlakase o kenang, tekanyo ea matla, sehlopha sa ho thibela mocheso le matšoao a temoso ke karolo ea "khoutu" e sa lokelang ho hlokomolohuoa. Ho bala mabitso ana ho thusa ho netefatsa hore sesebelisoa se sebelisoa ho latela litlhaloso le ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng.
10. Malebela a Sebetsang bakeng sa ho Ithuta Melao e Tloaelehileng ea Motlakase
Hore o be le bokgoni kapele, etsa mehato e latelang:
1. Tloaela ho bala di-schematics: qala ho tloha dipotolohong tse bonolo (LED + resistor), fetela ho balaodi, ditjhaja le di-amplifier.
2. Tšoara ka hlooho dikhoutu tsa motheo: mohlophi wa ditshupiso le dikhoutu tse ding tsa boleng (104, 103, 472, jj.).
3. Kamehla sebelisa leqephe la data: haholo-holo bakeng sa li-transistors, li-IC, balaoli, li-MOSFET le likarolo tsa matla.
4. Sebelisa multimeter: netefatsa boleng ba resistor, polarity, voltage, le ho tswela pele ha mola.
5. Hlokomela maemo a sebediswang: haeba o sebetsa indastering, etsa bonnete ba hore o latela maemo a ka hare a khamphani le maemo a amehang a naha/matjhaba.
Qetello
Dikhoutu tse tloaelehileng boenjiniereng ba motlakase ke ditsamaiso tsa ho tshwaya le ho tshwaya ditshwantshetso tse etsang hore ho rala, ho kopanya le ho lokisa dipotoloho di tsamaellane, di bolokehe, mme di sebetse hantle. Ho tloha matshwaong a dikema le di-reference designators, dikhoutu tsa mebala ya resistor le dinomoro tsa capacitor, ho ya ho di-wire labels le disetifikeiti tsa polokeho, tsohle di thusa ho fokotsa diphoso le ho ntlafatsa boleng ba mosebetsi. Ka ho utlwisisa metheo ya dikhoutu tsena tse tloaelehileng le ho tlwaela ho bala di-datasheet le di-schematics, mang kapa mang ya ithutang boenjiniere ba motlakase o tla ba le motheo o tiileng wa ho hatela pele ho ya boemong ba profeshenale haholoanyane.
Haeba o batla, nka fetola sengoloa sena hore se shebane haholoanyane: mohlala, mabapi le dikhoutu tsa mebala ya resistor feela, mabapi le dikhoutu tsa capacitor feela, kapa mabapi le maemo a ho kenya motlakase feela (dikheibole, MCB, ho thella).
